Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide from chitin, shows promise as a biomaterial for various biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, and ease of modification. This review overviews "chitosan scaffolds" use in diverse biomedical applications. It emphasizes chitosan's structural and biological properties and explores fabrication methods like gelation, electrospinning, and 3D printing, which influence scaffold architecture and mechanical properties. The review focuses on chitosan scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highlighting their role in bone, cartilage, skin, nerve, and vascular tissue regeneration, supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Investigations into incorporating bioactive compounds, growth factors, and nanoparticles for improved therapeutic effects are discussed. The review also examines chitosan scaffolds in drug delivery systems, leveraging their prolonged release capabilities and ability to encapsulate medicines for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Moreover, it explores chitosan's antibacterial activity and potential for wound healing and infection management in biomedical contexts. Lastly, the review discusses challenges and future objectives, emphasizing the need for improved scaffold design, mechanical qualities, and understanding of interactions with host tissues. In summary, chitosan scaffolds hold significant potential in various biological applications, and this review underscores their promising role in advancing biomedical science. 

Chitosan scaffolds: Expanding horizons in biomedical applications

In view of their exceptional approach, excellent inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, and interaction with the local extracellular matrix, protein-based polymers have received attention in bone tissue engineering, which is a multidisciplinary field that repairs and regenerates fractured bones. Bone is a multihierarchical complex structure, and it performs several essential biofunctions, including maintaining mineral balance and structural support and protecting soft organs. Protein-based polymers have gained interest in developing ideal scaffolds as emerging biomaterials for bone fractured healing and regeneration, and it is challenging to design ideal bone substitutes as perfect biomaterials. Several protein-based polymers, including collagen, keratin, gelatin, serum albumin, etc., are potential materials due to their inherent cytocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, high biofunctionalization, and tunable mechanical characteristics. While numerous studies have indicated the encouraging possibilities of proteins in BTE, there are still major challenges concerning their biodegradability, stability in physiological conditions, and continuous release of growth factors and bioactive molecules. Robust scaffolds derived from proteins can be used to replace broken or diseased bone with a biocompatible substitute; proteins, being biopolymers, provide excellent scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Herein, recent developments in protein polymers for cutting-edge bone tissue engineering are addressed in this review within 3–5 years, with a focus on the significant challenges and future perspectives. The first section discusses the structural fundamentals of bone anatomy and ideal scaffolds, and the second section describes the fabrication techniques of scaffolds. The third section highlights the importance of proteins and their applications in BTE. Hence, the recent development of protein polymers for state-of-the-art bone tissue engineering has been discussed, highlighting the significant challenges and future perspectives. 

Current Perspectives of Protein in Bone Tissue Engineering: Bone Structure, Ideal Scaffolds, Fabrication Techniques, Applications, Scopes, and Future Advances

In this study, we successfully prepared porous composite microspheres composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp), di-calcium phosphate di-hydrated (DCPD), and chitosan through the hydrothermal method. The chitosan played a crucial role as a chelating agent to facilitate the growth of related calcium phosphates. The synthesized porous composite microspheres exhibit a specific surface area of 38.16 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.24 cm3/g, with the pore size ranging from 4 to 100 nm. Given the unique properties of chitosan and the exceptional porosity of these composite microspheres, they may serve as carriers for pharmaceuticals. After being annealed, the chitosan transforms into a condensed form and the DCPD transforms into Ca2P2O7 at 300 °C. Then, the Ca2P2O7 initially combines with HAp to transform into β tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) at 500 °C where the chitosan is also completely combusted. Finally, the microspheres are composed of Ca2P2O7, β-TCP, and HAp, also making them suitable for applications such as injectable bone graft materials. 

The Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Calcium Phosphate Composite Microspheres for Biomedical Applications

Biodegradable nerve conductors are based on chitosan-calcium phosphate (CS/CaP) doped with nanoparticles of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT+Fe), graphene oxide (GO), magnetite (Fe3O4) of various nanoparticle concentrations (NpC). Drug release and electrical properties were studied depending on the polarity, voltage, and electrode configuration (in-in, in-out), which reflect nerve regeneration inside the conduit and external electrical stimulation. The NpC of 150 μg/ml provides the highest electrical conductivity (EC) of 150MWCNT+Fe in-in. 150GO is more effective in the in-out configuration. The 300GO sample has an in-out electrical conductivity of 0.71∙ 10-2 S/cm, which is close to the natural nerve conductivity of 2.35∙10-2 S/cm. Nanoparticles in the CS/CaP matrix when interacting with the physiological solution ions can create new mechanisms for the current passage or neutralize existing ones. All samples are characterized by the absence of "burst drug release". Pregabalin (PG) release from Fe-containing samples is controlled by diffusion (first-order model), and from GO-containing – by diffusion and degradation of the matrix (second-order model). 

Electrical Properties of Biodegradable Chitosan-Calcium Phosphate Nerve Conduits Doped with Inorganic Nanoparticles

Digi tulee, mutta riittävätkö resurssit?

Chitosan/collagen/Mg, Se, Sr, Zn-substituted calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: A growth factor free approach

We analyse variation in the management practices across countries and across regions within a country. For cross-country comparisons we use the Finnish Management and Organizational Practices Surve...

Management Practices and Allocation of Employment: Evidence from Finnish Manufacturing

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are self-renewing and multipotent progenitors, which constitute the main cellular compartment of the bone marrow stroma. Because MSCs have an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, it is essential to know if novel drugs target MSCs. Melflufen is a novel anticancer peptide–drug conjugate compound for patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma. Here, we studied the cytotoxicity of melflufen, melphalan and doxorubicin in healthy human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) and how these drugs affect BMSC proliferation. We established co-cultures of BMSCs with MM.1S myeloma cells to see if BMSCs increase or decrease the cytotoxicity of melflufen, melphalan, bortezomib and doxorubicin. We evaluated how the drugs affect BMSC differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts and the BMSC-supported formation of vascular networks. Our results showed that BMSCs were more sensitive to melflufen than to melphalan. The cytotoxicity of melflufen in myeloma cells was not affected by the co-culture with BMSCs, as was the case for melphalan, bortezomib and doxorubicin. Adipogenesis, osteogenesis and BMSC-mediated angiogenesis were all affected by melflufen. Melphalan and doxorubicin affected BMSC differentiation in similar ways. The effects on adipogenesis and osteogenesis were not solely because of effects on proliferation, seen from the differential expression of differentiation markers normalized by cell number. Overall, our results indicate that melflufen has a significant impact on BMSCs, which could possibly affect therapy outcome.

/pdf/growth-response-and-differentiation-of-bone-marrow-derived-mmn7s7pa.pdf

Growth Response and Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in the Presence of Novel Multiple Myeloma Drug Melflufen

Data collected by the recently conducted Finnish Management and Organizational Practices Survey (FMOP) by Statistics Finland is used to examine the management practices in Finnish manufacturing establishments. The FMOP project was funded by the Strategic Research Council. This paper presents the descriptive statistics, some indicative international comparisons using poststratification weighted averages and a cross-regional comparison of the large areas of Finland. The management scores appear to be only slightly behind those of the US and approximately on par with those of Germany. This suggests that the management practices in Finnish manufacturing are on a comparatively high international level. We also find evidence of cross-regional differences in management quality in Finland with aggregate (employment weighted) but not unweighted management scores, which suggests that the differences in the allocation of employment between establishments may explain regional disparities in Finland. To analyse the statistical significance of the regional disparities in workforce allocation in greater depth, we utilize a moment-based estimation procedure that allows for statistical inferences using the Olley-Pakes decomposition. We find evidence of regional variations in the policy relevant allocation component.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/237354/1/ETLA-Working-Papers-69.pdf

Management Practises in Finnish Manufacturing Establishments: Evidence from FMOP

Differentiating Osteocytes from BMSCs in Collagen Gel

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