Solvothermal synthesis and applications of micro/nano carbons: A review

Spiro‐OMeTAD is one of the most used hole transport layers (HTLs) in high efficiency n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, due to the unsatisfactory conductivity of pristine Spiro‐OMeTAD, additives such as tert‐butylpyridine (tBP) and lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)‐imide (LiTFSI) are required to improve its hole transportation. The hygroscopic nature of these additives inevitably deteriorates the device's stability. Here, it is shown that by adding fluorinated graphene (FG) into the Li‐TFSI and tBP doped Spiro‐OMeTAD, both efficiency and stability of the PSCs are significantly enhanced. Using the FG incorporated Spiro‐OMeTAD HTL, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC reaches 21.92%, which is 11.8% higher than the original device. The FG not only improves the hole mobility of Spiro‐OMeTAD but also effectively reduces the amount of lithium ions in the perovskite layer and improves the hydrophobicity of the HTL. The FG incorporating cell shows better stability, maintaining 90% of initial efficiency over a 2400 h test in ambient conditions with 25% humidity. Finally, it is further demonstrated that the valence band of FG incorporated Spiro‐OMeTAD HTL has a positive effect on PSCs with a 2D interfacial layer, achieving an impressive PCE of 23.14% and a Voc of 1.226 V.

Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of n‐i‐p Perovskite Solar Cells by Incorporation of Fluorinated Graphene in the Spiro‐OMeTAD Hole Transport Layer

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increased rapidly to 25.7% in 2022. There is growing curiosity about whether it will increase further up to the PCE limit. Understanding the fundamental energy loss mechanism and targeted treatment is the crux to step forward, especially the definite and management of photons in PSCs. Here, we first briefly review the main modes of photon energy loss in PSCs and illustrate the significance of photon recycling. Next, historical research trials to overcome these loss mechanisms in PSCs are highlighted, including the application of anti-reflection coatings, plasmonic strategies, and the adoption of upconversion and downconversion materials. Finally, we make a brief summary and prospect about strategies that can help to improve photon management in the future. 

Photon energy loss and management in perovskite solar cells

Recent progress in improving strategies of inorganic electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells

Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted ample consideration from the photovoltaic community owing to their continually-increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE), viable solution-processed methods, and inexpensive materials ingredients.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-the-current-progresses-and-iohumf92.pdf

A comprehensive review of the current progresses and material advances in perovskite solar cells

Strategies for high‐performance perovskite solar cells from materials, film engineering to carrier dynamics and photon management

A photovoltaic technology historically goes through two major steps to evolve into a mature technology. The first step involves advances in materials and is usually accompanied by the rapid improvement of power conversion efficiency. The second step focuses on interfaces and is usually accompanied by significant stability improvement. As an emerging generation of photovoltaic technology, perovskite solar cells are transitioning to the second step of their development when a significant focus shifts toward interface studies and engineering. While various interface engineering strategies have been developed, interfacial characterization is crucial to show the effectiveness of interfacial modification. Here, we review the characterization techniques that have been utilized in studying interface properties in perovskite solar cells. We first summarize the main roles of interfaces in perovskite solar cells, and then we discuss some typical characterization methodologies for morphological, optical, and electrical studies of interfaces. Successful experiences and existing problems are analyzed when discussing some commonly used methods. We then analyze the challenges and provide an outlook for further development of interfacial characterizations. This review aims to evoke strengthened research devotion on novel and persuasive interfacial engineering.

Characterization of interfaces: Lessons from the past for the future of perovskite solar cells

In this work, a kind of boron doped carbon spheres (B-CSs) was successfully synthesized utilizing maize starch as carbon source and boric acid as dopant via facile solvothermal method. The chemical structure of the prepared B-CSs was systemically investigated by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, XPS and EDS. The synthesized B-CSs feature spherical structure with average size of ∼254 nm and exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) with maximum emission at a wavelength of ∼453 nm under irradiation at 350 nm, leading to a quantum yield of 6.2%. Furthermore, the aqueous pH and Cr(VI) has a significantly various impact on the PL intensity of B-CSs, which can be flexibly utilized as the PL sensor for detection aqueous pH and Cr(VI) in aqueous. Particularly, the B-CSs have a desirable sensitivity and selectivity for detection of Cr(VI) with a low detection limit of ∼0.34 μmol l−1. Conclusively, our work provides a novel and dual-functional fluorescent sensor for detection of the pH and toxic metal ions in water environment.

Maize starch derived boron doped carbon spheres via facile solvothermal route as the photoluminescence sensor for determination of pH and Cr(VI)

Wet-chemical surface texturing of AZO substrate for improved perovskite solar cells

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Strategies for high‐performance perovskite solar cells from materials, film engineering to carrier dynamics and photon management

Characterization of interfaces: Lessons from the past for the future of perovskite solar cells

Maize starch derived boron doped carbon spheres via facile solvothermal route as the photoluminescence sensor for determination of pH and Cr(VI)

Wet-chemical surface texturing of AZO substrate for improved perovskite solar cells