A review of the braided-river depositional environment

Coalbed methane: A review

Coal mine methane: A review of capture and utilization practices with benefits to mining safety and to greenhouse gas reduction

Transitioning away from our current global energy system is of paramount importance. The speed at which a transition can take place—its timing, or temporal dynamics—is a critical element of consideration. This study therefore investigates the issue of time in global and national energy transitions by asking: What does the mainstream academic literature suggest about the time scale of energy transitions? Additionally, what does some of the more recent empirical data related to transitions say, or challenge, about conventional views? In answering these questions, the article presents a “mainstream” view of energy transitions as long, protracted affairs, often taking decades to centuries to occur. However, the article then offers some empirical evidence that the predominant view of timing may not always be supported by the evidence. With this in mind, the final part of the article argues for more transparent conceptions and definitions of energy transitions, and it asks for analysis that recognizes the causal complexity underlying them.

pdf/how-long-will-it-take-conceptualizing-the-temporal-dynamics-vv9n67wo3r.pdf

How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions

Inclined heterolithic stratification—Terminology, description, interpretation and significance

A Summary Description of Synorogenic Conglomerate in the Fort Union Formation: Alluvial Fan Facies, Mowry Basin, Wyoming

Coal-Bed Methane Potential of Tertiary Coal Beds and Adjacent Sandstone Deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana: ABSTRACT

Reservoir-Sandstone Paradigms, Paleocene Fort Union Formation, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

The West Coast Region of South Island, New Zealand, records Paleogene history of peneplanation, fluvio-paralic aggradation, and marine transgression. At Buller coalfield, Eocene Brunner coal measures rest unconformably on Paleozoic to Cretaceous basement rocks and interfinger upward with Eocene, marine Kaiata Formation. During Eocene, rising sea level controlled the architecture of fluvio-paralic deposits and strongly influenced the origin and properties of Brunner coals. The Brunner coal measures contain as much as 40-ft thick, high to low volatile bituminous coal beds with 0.5-16% ash and 1-9% sulfur that is greatest in the upper coal beds. The Brunner can be divided informally into lower and upper coal measures. The lower coal measures are dominated by pebble conglomerates and multierosional, trough-crossbedded conglomeratic sandstones; the upper coal measures by stacked, multilateral, trough crossbedded, granular sandstones with subordinate siltstones and mudstones. Bioturbated sandstones with brackish-marine Ophiomorpha-like trace fossils are common in the upper coal measures. The lower coal measures were deposited in exhumed paleovalleys of the peneplain surface. These valleys, as deep as 50 ft, were initially aggraded by gravelly braided streams. Raised bogs formed in abandoned braid valleys and extended onto surrounding basement highs. The upper coal measures were deposited in sandy bedload, meanderingmore » streams with paralic wave-reworked deltas, and attached barriers. Peat bogs in the paralic environments accumulated thin coals, whereas bogs that developed on abandoned meander ridges formed thick, lenticular coals. Sea-level rise resulted in inundation introducing sulfur into the peat and resulted in high sinuosity fluvial architecture. Gradual incursion of brackish-marine waters favored bioturbation of paralic sediments along retrograding coastlines.« less

Retrogradational fluvio-paralic coal-forming environments, South Island, New Zealand

Tectonic Control on alluvial Paleoarchitecture of the cretaceous and Tertiary Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico

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