The commercially available high temperature superconductors (HTS) tapes and wires (BSSCO and REBCO) are introduced and the past and present projects to build fusion devices using HTS based magnets are reviewed. The main design options for high current, high field conductors are presented with the related R&D and the open issues. Depending on the material, the cable layout and the application specific needs, the challenges for HTS magnet technology are different, ranging from the anisotropic properties of the REBCO tapes, to the large volume heat treatment under high pressure for Bi-2212, to the ability to withstand the large transverse loads, to the optimization of the electrical connections for segmented coil assembly, to the ambitious target of fully demountable TF coils for tokamaks. For the generation of magnetic fields larger than 18–20 T, the HTS represents the enabling technology. The use of the expensive HTS can be better justified for applications, which are out of range for conventional, low temperature superconductors (LTS). Eventually, a roadmap for future R&D is sketched focusing on medium term technology milestones, e.g. addressing the issue of quench protection in HTS large magnets, the industrial manufacture of robust high current HTS cables and the engineering design/demonstration of demountable winding packs.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aad835/pdf

High temperature superconductors for fusion magnets

/pdf/a-review-of-commercial-high-temperature-superconducting-2o02lszkmx.pdf

A review of commercial high temperature superconducting materials for large magnets: from wires and tapes to cables and conductors

Helical reactor design FFHR-d1 and c1 for steady-state DEMO

In order to build high-current cables from second-generation high-temperature superconductor (HTS) rare-earth barium-copper-oxide (REBCO) tapes, numerous approaches were studied, such as conductor on round core, Roebel cable, and several versions of twisted stacked-tape cable types. Based on the work of Takayasu et al. and Uglietti et al., we developed and tested a modified type of stacked HTS tape arrangement optimized for high engineering critical current density. Key aspects were the implementation of a simple and reliable continuous fabrication routine for production of application-relevant lengths of twisted conductors in the range of 100 m and above and the subsequent enveloping by a seamless copper tube. Several samples of this HTS Cross-Conductor (HTS CroCo) were prepared successfully, both partially and fully equipped with REBCO tapes in untwisted and twisted configurations. The critical current of the samples was measured at T = 77 K and self-field conditions. The measurements showed the expected critical currents calculated from the individual tape values if taking into account the enhanced self-field in the tape arrangement. Furthermore, one untwisted partially REBCO-equipped sample was tested in the FBI facility at KIT at T = 4.2 K and in magnetic fields up to B = 12 T, showing good performance with no degradation even at high Lorentz forces. In addition, the mechanical performance of this sample was studied under tensile loads. No degradation could be observed, and the strain dependence was equal to that of single REBCO tapes. Due to the combination of excellent mechanical and electrical performance, the HTS CroCo is a promising candidate as a strand for long-length high-current cables, for example, with I
 c
(4.2 K, self-field) ≈ 30 kA for power transmission or with I
 c
(4.5 K, 14 T) ≈ 8 kA as a strand for high-current cables targeting large high-field magnets.

HTS CroCo: A Stacked HTS Conductor Optimized for High Currents and Long-Length Production

An innovative winding method is developed by connecting high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors to enable efficient construction of a magnet system for the helical fusion reactor FFHR-d1. A large-current capacity HTS conductor, referred to as STARS, is being developed by the incorporation of several innovative ideas, such as the simple stacking of state-of-the-art yttrium barium copper oxide tapes embedded in a copper jacket, surrounded by electrical insulation inside a conductor, and an outer stainless-steel jacket cooled by helium gas. A prototype conductor sample was fabricated and reached a current of 100 kA at a bias magnetic field of 5.3 T with the temperature at 20 K. At 4.2 K, the maximum current reached was 120 kA, and a current of 100 kA was successfully sustained for 1 h. A low-resistance bridge-type mechanical lap joint was developed and a joint resistance of 2 nΩ was experimentally confirmed for the conductor sample.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053021/pdf

Design and development of high-temperature superconducting magnet system with joint-winding for the helical fusion reactor

Feasibility studies on applying high-temperature superconductors (HTS) to the heliotron-type fusion energy reactor FFHR are being carried out. Using HTS, we consider that the three-dimensional helical coils with a ~40 m diameter can be constructed without preparing a huge winding machine. A practical method for realizing this concept is proposed. The electromagnetic stress inside the helical coil packs is examined using an FEM analysis for double-pancake windings. The effect of error magnetic field generated by the shielding currents in HTS tapes is also examined.

Design Progress on the High-Temperature Superconducting Coil Option for the Heliotron-Type Fusion Energy Reactor FFHR

High-temperature superconductors (HTS) are considered as a competitive candidate to be used for the heliotron-type fusion energy reactor FFHR. In order to confirm the bending strain behavior of large-scale HTS conductors, degradation of critical currents by bending strain has been examined in liquid nitrogen (at 77 K) for several samples. The experiment started with two types of reduced-scale conductors with four YBCO tapes, one with copper and YBCO tapes distributed uniformly (Type-A) and the other with YBCO concentrated at the center (Type-B). In order to reconstruct the obtained results, another series of experiment were done by bending a single YBCO tape in two forms: soldered on to a single copper tape and embedded in a copper jacket. We found that even the bending strain of 0.5% defined for the whole conductor thickness should not be a problem from the viewpoint of critical current degradation if we adopt Type-B design with HTS tapes located at the center of the conductor.

Experiments of Bending Strain on Reduced-Scale HTS Conductors for Fusion Energy Reactors

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Design Progress on the High-Temperature Superconducting Coil Option for the Heliotron-Type Fusion Energy Reactor FFHR

Experiments of Bending Strain on Reduced-Scale HTS Conductors for Fusion Energy Reactors