This paper describes a decision support system based on an additive or multiplicative multiattribute utility model for identifying the optimal strategy. This is intended to allay many of the operational difficulties involved in assessing and using multiattribute utility functions. The system admits imprecise assignments for weights and utilities and uncertainty in the multiattribute strategies, which can be defined in terms of ranges for each attribute instead of single values. Inputs can be subjected to different sensitivity analyses, permitting users to test the robustness of the ranking of the strategies and gain insight into and confidence about the final solution. An application of the system to the restoration of a contaminated lake is illustrated throughout the paper.

/pdf/a-decision-support-system-for-multiattribute-utility-xknr45c2xt.pdf

A decision support system for multiattribute utility evaluation based on imprecise assignments

The adaptive function of female extrapair mating in socially monogamous passerines is currently debated. In the bluethroat (Luscinia s. svecica), a previous study showed that offspring sired by extrapair males had a higher cell-mediated immunity than their within-pair half siblings, suggesting an immunogenetic benefit of extrapair mating in this species. Here, we expanded that dataset with two more years and investigated the association between extrapair paternity and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity, in addition to cell-mediated immunity. We found that extrapair offspring were more heterozygous than their within-pair half siblings, and corroborated the previous finding of enhanced cellular immunity in extrapair offspring in this four-year dataset. The increased heterozygosity among extrapair offspring appeared to be a result of extrapair mates being less genetically similar than pair mates, and also less genetically similar than expected by random choice. Together with previous findings in this species, showing that the majority of females participate in extrapair copulations, our results indicate a postcopulatory cryptic female choice of genetically dissimilar males. The enhanced cellular immunity and increased heterozygosity were not related to each other, and hence our results indicate two independent genetic benefits of extrapair mating in the bluethroat.

Multiple genetic benefits of female promiscuity in a socially monogamous passerine

Since the most recent comprehensive review of the biology of Australian Ephemeroptera by Peters and Campbell in 1991, knowledge has been rapidly increasing. In formal taxonomy there have been new genera and/or species described within the Caenidae, Leptophlebiidae and Prosopistomatidae, but there has also been substantial progress in informal taxonomy with the publication of several keys for identification. In ecology there have been studies published on egg development and effects of river regulation and there are papers in preparation on mayfly production. Some of the ecological studies have shed light on some apparent conundrums relating to the distribution of some southeastern Australian taxa such as Coloburiscoides, and there have been additional useful biogeographical studies on previously little known taxa such as Ephemerellina.

Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera

Energy pathways of a natural brown trout Salmo trutta population were constructed. The main subjects taken into account were: the biomass, calorific values and production of the population, natural mortality and annual yield, energy intake, calorific values and composition of the food, efficiency of food absorption, spawning and migration of young trout. The specific energy value of trout increased with increasing weight of the fish. An energy decrease of almost 50% was demonstrated for the spawning trout of both sexes, and the calorific values prior to spawning were not reached before the next summer. Energy intake was estimated to 6.87, 10.31, 8.42 and 9.15 kcal m−2 lake surface for the years 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1972 respectively. Although a great number of food items were found in the trout stomachs, the four groups Gammarus lacustris, Lepidurus arcticus, Trichoptera and Chironomidae accounted for 2/3 of the total consumption. The efficiency of food absorption varied between 42 and 53%. The mean age of trout entering the lake from the nursery streams was ca. 3 yr. The annual amount of this immigration was estimated to be 0.28 and 0.24 kcal m−2 lake surface for 1969 and 1970 respectively. Annual production of trout in the take was estimated to be 1.46 and 2.66 kcal m−2 respectively for the same years. For both these years balance was found between biomass at the beginning of the year plus immigration of young and total production, minus catch by man, natural mortality and spawning on the one hand and biomass at the end of the year on the other hand.

The energy budget of the brown trout population of ovre Heimdalsvatn

Females in several sexually dimorphic species with conventional sex roles possess ornamental traits that resemble those found in males. The evolution of such traits, however, is still poorly understood. Bluethroats (Luscinia s. svecica) are socially monogamous, sexually dichromatic passerine birds, in which female throat patch coloration varies from near absence to near full expression of male-like coloration. A recent study, demonstrating that male bluethroats prefer colourful females, suggests that female coloration is subject to sexual selection through male choice. However, the benefits males may gain from mating with colourful females have not yet been identified. In this study we tested the hypothesis that female coloration signals parental quality (the good-parent hypothesis). During the course of the same day, we recorded female care both in the presence and the absence of the male mate. The latter was done to eliminate the confounding effect of variable male care by removing the male temporarily. Female coloration did not correlate with female feeding rates either in the presence or in the absence of the male. Female feeding rates in the absence and the presence of the male were positively, although weakly, correlated. Female coloration did not correlate with female ability to compensate for the loss of male care, or with the change in brood mass during male removal. Therefore, there is no evidence for the good-parent hypothesis to explain female plumage coloration in bluethroats.

Does female plumage coloration signal parental quality? A male removal experiment with the bluethroat (Luscinia s. svecica)

The interdisciplinary study of the lake ecosystem was carried out under the auspices of the International Biological Programme. The reasons for the choice of the lake and the personnel and institutions involved in the project are described. A brief description is given of the lake itself, its catchment area and its location, together with a short historical review of the development of the area and the degree of human influence.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3682672.pdf

The Lake Øvre Heimdalsvatn ‐ a subalpine freshwater ecosystem: Introduction

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The Lake Øvre Heimdalsvatn ‐ a subalpine freshwater ecosystem: Introduction