Capitalism and Freedom

Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but, at the same time, a unique opportunity. Access to the Internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this article, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, which can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in this article, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost-efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas, and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this article. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for the future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in this article. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

/pdf/a-key-6g-challenge-and-opportunity-connecting-the-base-of-385d3hceqi.pdf

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Information communications technology and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel data approach

This paper attempts to synthesise different bodies of literature relating to technology and inequality. The use of technology by minority groups has been studied, but in isolation. That is, it has been examined within particular marginalised communities rather than across them. For example, migrants and the ways that technologies are deployed to sustain connections between family members in different countries have been investigated extensively. Indigenous groups? appropriation of technologies to overcome distance in rural and remote areas has also been explored in depth. The role of technology in providing independence to people with disabilities has been scrutinised too, separately from that of older people. The findings from these studies of various minority groups generally sit in different disciplines, with little to no comparative analysis of them. 

In understanding commonalities between these minority groups in relation to access and affordability, the paper argues that these can no longer be considered ?minority? issues as they affect a significant proportion of the Australian population. Rather, affordability needs to be framed as part of a wider discussion about access and accessibility. Furthermore, notions of access and accessibility should be emphasised and clearly distinguished from mere availability.

Availability, access and affordability across ?digital divides?:

Voting is a process inherent to all democratic societies. Many experts consider paper balloting to be the only acceptable way to secure and guarantee each person’s right to cast a vote [1]. However, this approach is vulnerable to mistakes and exploitation. Interestingly, owing to the advancement of technology, modern day voters can exercise their democratic right and duty on-line[2], track the status of the votes they cast, verify the precise time they were cast, and check when they will be counted. At the same time, e-voting fraud, such as remote absentee ballot manipulation, is common these days. Several recent examples include the vote fraud controversy in the 2019 elections in North Carolina [3] and the server wipe in the 2017 elections in Georgia [4]. Previous studies showed that the vulnerabilities of centralized ballot storage in e-voting systems are exploited to influence elections. As a result, voters' lack of confidence in the authorities may reach crisis proportions [5,6]. Blockchain has attracted considerable attention and has found application in enterprise software employed across various business sectors [7], for example, in cryptocurrencies [8], supply chain management [9], healthcare [10], smart contracts [11], and financial services [12] as shown in Figure 1. Analogously, the adoption of blockchain technology in e-voting systems enables every single vote to be audited/tracked Received: 13 August 2019 | Revised: 8 March 2020 | Accepted: 6 May 2020 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2019-0362

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4218/etrij.2019-0362

Secure large‐scale E‐voting system based on blockchain contract using a hybrid consensus model combined with sharding

With 225 million subscribers, India has the world’s third largest mobile subscriber base in the world. The Indian mobile industry is also one of the most competitive in the world with 4-7 operators in each service area. A large number of operators bring competition and its associated benefits such as decrease in price and hence corresponding growth of the market. On the other hand in the presence of economies of scale, too many operators may result in inefficient scales and high unit costs. This article analyses the trade-off between competition and economies of scale by estimating the production function for mobile subscribers and traffic carried. Analysis of panel data reveals the existence of economies of scale in the Indian mobile sector. We then derive an upper bound on the optimal number of operators in each license area and discuss policy implications.

Optimal Number of Mobile Service Providers in India: Trade-Off between Efficiency and Competition

The value of 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz spectrums in India and implications for auction design

Even as spectrum management regimes are moving from a command and control regime to a flexible use regime, new technological developments are suggesting that there are significant opportunities in managing large swathes of spectrum as a common property resource, in addition to flexible use The demand for spectrum has never been so acute as today's communication services extend beyond simple voice to complex data and video, augmented by evolving technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, social networking, Fourth and Fifth Generation networks, Big Data, and cloud computing On the other hand, supply of spectrum is restricted due to competing nature of uses and vested interests of incumbent holders Political legacies and market realities in different regimes pose unique challenges for spectrum managers who must negotiate a tricky path to the land promised by technological possibility With case studies from early adopters of mobile technology and an in-depth exploration of the Indian case, this book presents a pragmatic and modern approach for spectrum managers to get from where they are to where they can be This book covers the theoretical framework governing technology, and economics of spectrum Examples derived from practices around the world are given to illustrate the underlying principles Future technologies that enable use of spectrum spaces that have so far not been used are documented along with accompanying economic rationale and policy prescriptions The significant addition in this book is the illustration of the migration from the command and control regime of spectrum allocation to flexible methods and further towards the spectrum of the commons The regulatory and policy implications are discussed, drawing parallels to practices around the world The second part of the book is devoted to the spectrum management and policies in India, starting from the initial allocation in 1995 to the substantial controversies surrounding the first-come, first serve principle practiced during 2000s, to finally liberalization and auction of spectrum in 2012-13 The chapter on broadcast spectrum discusses the developments relating to digitization of terrestrial and satellite broadcasting and its implications for mobile services, including the release of digital dividend spectrum Available in OSO: http://wwwoxfordscholarshipcom/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780198099789/tochtml

The Dynamics of Spectrum Management: Legacy, Technology, and Economics

february 11, 2012 vol xlviI no 6 EPW Economic & Political Weekly 18 believe in ourselves and in the need to craft a credible public system. Even if the trend of the last two years in the decline of IMR is sustained and marginally improved over the next five years and a significant effort at fighting malnutrition with a human development approach adopted even now, India will surely achieve the health MDGs of 30 IMR and 100 MMR. By a mere increase of public expenditure on health from a little below to a little above 1% GDP, the gains of the NRHM are perceptible. Yes there is a long way to go and over 3% public expenditure is required for universal health coverage. A beginning has been made. Let us not focus only on privatisation and public-private partnerships. Let the country focus on crafting credible public systems with public accountability in the health sector. That is where the answer lies. Health does not lend itself to market principles very easily and the countervailing presence of the public system of healthcare is necessary to ensure quality and reasonable cost in the private sector. Let us have partnerships with the non-governmental sector but within a framework of publicly-funded universal healthcare. That is what the NRHM evidence confirms.

Critique of the Common Service Centre Scheme

The production function methodology for estimating the value of spectrum

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Rohit Prasad

Author Tools

Chat about Author