COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading infection caused by novel corona virus It is a challenging to the medical community in an unprecedented degree Clinicians and health care workers are at added risk for infection during the procedure performing at the intensive critical care unit (ICU) Tracheostomy is a common surgical procedure performed at ICU for prolonged ventilation of the patient Performing tracheostomy is currently a challenging for otolaryngologist at the ICU because of high chance of spread of the virus to the surrounding health care workers and also to the other patients The location for this procedure in ICU should be well ventilated and the pressure in the room must be maintained negative or neutral The health care personnel particularly Otolaryngologists have a central role for managing this situations where they are assessing the patients, preventing the contamination to other assisting staff and other patients As there is progressive rise of the COVID-19 patients worldwide, it is surely expected that several patients may need intubation and mechanical ventilation So, in this condition, patient my require tracheostomy for prolonged ventilation Because of the very minimum literature available regarding tracheostomy in the COVID-19 pandemic, so this review article will surely increase awareness among health care workers and surgical team for prevention of the transmission of the infection from tracheostomy to medical staffs and other patients

/pdf/performing-tracheostomy-in-intensive-care-unit-a-challenge-3o1vjltzmu.pdf

Performing tracheostomy in intensive care unit - a challenge during COVID-19 pandemic

Current COVID-19 pandemic poses unprecedented challenges for human being and still waiting for effective treatment strategies. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is truly devastating and raised several concerns among the people because of the worries and fear of catching an infection. Rapid spread of this pandemic is also causing crisis of the certain useful existing medications. The clinical presentations of the COVID-19 infections are mainly associated with otorhinolaryngological and respiratory manifestations which include throat pain, dry cough, fever, loss of smell, loss of taste and breathlessness. The use of the personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important preventive measure for a health care professional during dealing of the COVID-19 patients. Other than PPE, frequent hand washing, use of face mask and social distancing are important measures against COVID-19 infection. This review article focuses on the clinical aspects of the disease, diagnosis, preventive measures, future outlook and challenges faced by the developing and developing countries particularly for managing the ear, nose, throat, head and neck patients.

/pdf/clinical-implications-and-future-perspective-of-covid-19-18lgos0que.pdf

Clinical implications and future perspective of COVID-19 pandemic-a review

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a threat to the global health caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lungs are the primary site of infection in COVID-19 patient and the symptoms ranges from mild flu like manifestations to fulminant pneumonia and respiratory failure. COVID-19 infection also significantly affects the oral cavity and salivary glands with oral mucosal manifestations. Other than airway manifestations, COVID-19 patients are presenting with oral cavity lesions such as aphthous like ulcers, glossitis, oral mucositis or stomatitis, oral candidiasis and herpetic recurrences. These oral lesions are often associated with immunocompromised patients and elderly age. Direct involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus for development of oral ulcers remains uncertain. The salivary gland related symptoms and taste disturbances are highly common in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 patient, certain presentations like ulcers or blisters or diffuse reddish lesions affect both keratinized and non-keratinized tissues of the oral cavity. These lesions are found in palate, lip mucosa, buccal mucosa and tongue. The ulceration and blisters of the oral cavity are more often seen. There is still a gap of knowledge related to the oral manifestations of the COVID-19 infections and its impact on the oral cavity. This review article discussed the details of the oral cavity lesions in COVID-19 patients.

/pdf/oral-cavity-manifestations-by-covid-19-infections-a-review-f8b2foxo36.pdf

Oral cavity manifestations by COVID-19 infections: a review

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022001049/pdf

Theoretical effectiveness of steam inhalation against SARS-CoV-2 infection: updates on clinical trials, mechanism of actions, and traditional approaches

Introduction: Schwannomas are benign neurogenic tumours which rarely found in the sinonasal area. However, the schwannoma at the nasal septum is extremely rare. A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the exact location of the tumour at the sinonasal tract. Endoscopic biopsy under local anaesthesia confirms the diagnosis of schwannoma. Case Report: We report a case of a 32-year-old man who presented with left nasal obstruction for two months. Anterior rhinoscopy showed a smooth, firm and non-tender mass in the left nasal cavity arising at the posterior end of the nasal septum. Result: CT scan of the paranasal sinus showed a mass at the posterior end of the nasal septum on the left side. The histopathological examination and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of the schwannoma. Conclusion: Schwannomas are benign neoplasm and have an excellent prognosis with low potential for malignant transformation. It should be considered as the differential diagnosis of any mass arising from the nasal septum with a smooth surface. Surgical excision of the tumour is the primary treatment of choice in the case of nasal septal schwannoma. The transnasal endoscopic approach is considered the most commonly used approach for nasal septal schwannoma.

/pdf/a-giant-nasal-septal-schwannoma-a-case-report-4enlabmyux.pdf

A Giant Nasal Septal Schwannoma - A Case Report

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious disease occurred by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which spreads human to human through respiratory secretions. It was declared as public health emergency all over the world. There is lack of data in relation to the otologic or mastoid surgery during COVID-19 pandemic. Aerosolization of the novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is associated with middle ear and mastoid surgery. So, the safety precautions are important parts in this present pandemic time for preventing transmission of the infections to the surgeon and team members of the surgery. Preoperative screening for COVID-19 is must for safety of the surgeon and team members. The mastoid surgery on the positive, suspected or unknown status for COVID-19 patients need protection with adequate Personal protection equipment (PPE) such as disposable cap, N95 respirator and sealed eye protection or Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), disposable gown and gloves. In the mastoid surgery, there is scarcity of the medical literature related to the transmission of the novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2and its prevention during present COVID-19 pandemic. So, the aim of this review article is to increase awareness among the otolaryngologists for preventing the viral exposure during the mastoid surgery.

/pdf/mastoid-surgery-a-high-risk-aerosol-generating-surgical-224kuu57ot.pdf

Mastoid surgery: a high-risk aerosol generating surgical procedure in COVID-19 pandemic

Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm which arises from the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. It is a common neoplasm in the head and neck region; however, intraoral location is extremely rare. It occurs infre-quently in the oral cavity of children. Here we report a case lingual schwannoma in a seven-year-old boy who presented with a small, smooth, firm, non-tender mass at the right border of the tongue. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of lingual schwannoma. These tumours are usually benign in nature and have excellent prognosis with low potential for malignant transformation. Surgical excision of the tumour is the primary treatment of choice in cases of lingual schwannoma. The transoral route is considered as the most commonly used approach for tongue schwannoma.

https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/-127/pdf-40549-10?filename=Intraoral schwanno.pdf

Intraoral schwannoma in a seven-year-old boy – a case report

Background: Headache is a universal clinical presentation in the course of everyone's life. In Rhinogenic contact point headache (RCPH), intranasal mucosal contact points are seen between the opposing mucosal surface of the nasal septum and turbinates of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Objective: To study the details of endoscopic treatment of RCPH and its effectiveness to relieve headache. Materials and Methods: There were 68 patients of RCPH who participated in this prospective study. The mucosal contact points inside the nasal cavity were excised by the endoscopic approach under general anesthesia. The olfactory mucosal lining was protected from injury during this surgical process. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 68 patients with RCPH participated in this study with 38 (55.88%) males and 30 (44.11%) females with a male-to-female ratio of 1.26:1. All patients underwent endoscopic excision of the intranasal mucosal contact points. After 3 months of endoscopic excision of the intranasal mucosal contact points, the symptoms disappeared in 52 (76.47%) patients, and significantly improved in 13 (19.1%) patients. Only 3 (4.41%) patients did not show obvious improvement. Satisfactory results were archived by endonasal excision of the mucosal contact points in 65 (95.58%) patients with RCPH. Conclusion: RCPH is an important cause of headache. Endoscopic surgical excision of the intranasal mucosal contact points in patients of RCPH is useful to relieve headache effectively.

Endoscopic treatment of rhinogenic contact point headache-our experiences at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic premalignant condition seen in the oral cavity, but sometimes extends to the pharynx, esophagus, or even the larynx. OSMF causes stiffness in the oral cavity leads to trismus and affects speech and swallowing. Sometimes this lesion affects the Eustachian tube opening at the nasopharynx which results in Eustachian tube dysfunction followed by middle ear diseases. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate otological manifestations in OSMF patients. Materials and Methods: Patients with OSMF were evaluated for otological manifestations such as hearing impairment and fullness in the ear. All of them were evaluated with pure tone audiometry and tympanometry. Results: In this study group of 58 patients of OSMF comprising 116 ears, the hearing was within the normal limit in 60 ears (51.72%), a mild degree of conductive deafness in 52 ears (44.82%), a mild degree of sensorineural deafness in 2 ears (1.72%) and a moderate degree of sensorineural deafness were present in 2 ears (1.72%). There is a significant difference in mean quantitative hearing impairment was seen in OSMF groups C and group D with respect to the control group. Conclusion: Involvements of palatal muscles in OSMF patients reduce the patency of the Eustachian tube, resulting in a conductive type of deafness. OSMF patients should be assessed for hearing impairment and suggested for proper management.

Otological manifestations in oral submucous fibrosis: Our experiences

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Mastoid surgery: a high-risk aerosol generating surgical procedure in COVID-19 pandemic

Intraoral schwannoma in a seven-year-old boy – a case report

Endoscopic treatment of rhinogenic contact point headache-our experiences at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India

Otological manifestations in oral submucous fibrosis: Our experiences