Meta-Analysis of Workplace Physical Activity Interventions

The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature☆ , ☆☆

Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States.

The rapid proliferation of community-based health education programs has out- paced the knowledge base of behavior change strategies that are appropriate and effec tive for public health interventions However, experiences from a variety of large-scale studies suggest that principles and techniques of social marketing may help bridge this gap This article discusses eight essential aspects of the social marketing process: the use of a consumer orientation to develop and market intervention techniques, ex change theory as a model from which to conceptualize service delivery and program participation, audience analysis and segmentation strategies, the use of formative research in program design and pretesting of intervention materials, channel analysis for devising distribution systems and promotional campaigns, employment of the "marketing mix" concept in intervention planning and implementation, development of a process tracking system, and a management process of problem analysis, planning, implementatio

Social Marketing and Public Health Intervention

Associations between exercise and mental well-being have been documented repeatedly over the last two decades. More recently, there has been application of exercise interventions to clinical populations diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders with evidence of substantial benefit. Nonetheless, attention to the efficacy of exercise interventions in clinical settings has been notably absent in the psychosocial treatment literature, as have been calls for the integration of these methods within the clinical practice of psychologists. In this article, we provide a quantitative and qualitative review of these efficacy studies in clinical samples and discuss the potential mechanism of action of exercise interventions, with attention to both biological and psychosocial processes. The meta-analysis of 11 treatment outcome studies of individuals with depression yielded a very large combined effect size for the advantage of exercise over control conditions: g = 1.39 (95% CI: .89-1.88), corresponding to a d = 1.42 (95% CI: .92-1.93). Based on these findings, we encourage clinicians to consider the role of adjunctive exercise interventions in their clinical practice and we discuss issues concerning this integration.

Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review

Program evaluation data from school and community applications of a physical fitness drug prevention program is presented. A train-the-trainer methodology was applied to install the program in twenty-two settings within the state of Illinois. The physical training program consisted of exercise and educational modules delivered over a twelve-week time period that focused on learning values and life skills through exercise. Complete pre-post data were obtained on 329 participating youth at six school and community based sites. Significant increases were demonstrated in physical activity and physical fitness (cardiovascular endurance, strength, and flexibility). Youth self-report data indicated significant decreases in risk factors such as low self-concept, poor school attendance, anxiety, depression, and number of friends who use alcohol and drugs. There were significant reductions in the percentage of youth who used cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol. It was concluded that a strong relationship was demonstrated for increased fitness leading to lowered risk factors and usage patterns. Likewise, the train-the-trainer model was shown to be an effective installation approach to expand fitness programming within prevention settings.

Physical training as a substance abuse prevention intervention for youth.

In this study, seventy-four adolescents in either a school, community or hospital based drug intervention program received and eight to nine week structured fitness activity class as an integrated element of their respective prevention or treatment program. Prepost assessments indicated significant gains in the field fitness tests of one mile run, 1 minute situp, 1 minute pushup, percent fat and flexibility for the total sample. Based upon prepost change on the one mile run time (less than 1:00) subjects were categorized as improvers (n = 38) and non-improvers (n = 36). Improvers demonstrated a significant increase in the self concept risk factor (Piers Harris Self Concept Scale) and a significant decrease in anxiety and depression risk factors (General Well-Being Scale) compared to the non-improvers. At posttest, the improvers self reported substance use patterns were significantly lower compared to the non-improvers for percentage of the sample who were multiple drug users and alcohol uses per week and were significantly higher for the percentage of the sample demonstrating total abstinence. These findings are suggestive of the usefulness of physical training as a supplemental intervention for adolescent substance abusers.

Physical fitness effects on substance abuse risk factors and use patterns.

To fight the war on drugs, many schools have developed strategies such as drug education, alternative schools, and student assistance services. One strategy that has received little attention, however, is physical activity as a means for youth to develop an alternative lifestyle to conteract substance abuse.

Enlisting physical education for the war on drugs.

Health promotion for educators: impact on absenteeism.

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Physical training as a substance abuse prevention intervention for youth.

Physical fitness effects on substance abuse risk factors and use patterns.

Enlisting physical education for the war on drugs.

Health promotion for educators: impact on absenteeism.