Resumen es: En Mexico, las «recomendaciones» en materia agraria emitidas por el Banco Mundial fueron plasmadas fielmente en las reformas legislativas aprobadas en 1...

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Nueva reforma agraria neoliberal y multiculturalismo. Territorios indígenas, un derecho vuelto a negar

To add to the doubts that periodically surface concerning whether or not Latin America has its own definable identity, one could note that the region scarcely features as an object of study for the discipline whose specialization is identity— that is, Anthropology. Darcy Ribeiro was one of the few anthropologists, perhaps the last, who worked systematically on Latin America; we would have to look back to 1969, and the publication of his book Las Américas y la civilización, as the last time there was a work of such ambition that considered the sociocultural space of Latin America as a unity for the purposes of ethnographic analysis or theorization. The closest we have seen has been a few journals or collections of essays—such as those edited by Jorge Klor de Alva, Miguel León Portilla, Garry H. Gossen, and Manuel Gutiérrez Estévez—in which the prevailing idea is that it is the indigenous that constitutes the ‘motif’ of Latin American identity. Thus, judging from the repertoire of the critical literature, as well as that of the congress of Americanists, anthropological competence is to concentrate on folk societies or on traditional communities. By contrast, my intent here is to explore the possibility of characterizing the Latin American from the point of view of a conception of anthropological practice developed over the past thirty years, one that gives rise to new perspectives on ‘originary identities’ and that is at the same time manifestly capable of analysing urbanization, industrial development, mass communication and other processes typical of complex, modern societies. In that there are these days many anthropologists who teach in centres of Latin American Studies—and who use this label in their writings—it is worth differentiating between the two meanings yielded by the phrase ‘Latin Americanism’. Both within the region and in those institutes dedicated to Latin America in European and US universities, the term ‘Latin Americanist’ refers to those whose specialization is in this geographical area, though the majority work on one country alone and within the framework of an established discipline. They may study, for example, Argentine or Brazilian literature, Colombian politics, or the indigenous question in Mexico. It would be more accurate to say that they are Argentinists, Brazilianists, Colombianists, or Mexicanists whose interest is one aspect of each country—literature, politics, ethnicity—and who are in part associated with other specialists in their discipline, and in part with other experts on the same society. The other meaning of the term ‘Latin Americanism’ refers only to a minority of researchers, to those who transcend a focus on any one country in order to examine the region’s general tendencies. Given the dominance of language and

Anthropology: Eight Approaches to Latin Americanism

Iwrite this brief introduction to Marcos’s important statement on the logics of globalization, “The FourthWorld War Has Begun,” as the two-week long “Zapatour” ends and the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) enters Mexico City to begin negotiations with the first Mexican government since the Revolution not led by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). It is clear that the Zapatista uprising of 1994, its advances and retreats, and especially its stubborn resistance, was crucial to the long, drawn-out delegitimation and eventual exhaustion of the PRI-in-government (I say “PRI-gobierno” because the apparatuses of the PRI-state remain). In this respect, the arrival in Mexico City of the EZLN is a relocation of great symbolic importance, significant enough, one hopes, to override the possibility of the Zapatista’s entanglement in a long and bureaucratized process of negotiation, awell-established weapon of the state. That the PAN government of Vicente Fox is apparently nowwilling to contemplate discussing again the implementation of the Acuerdos de San Andrés (agreed to only to be promptly ignored by the previous, Zedillo government) is a major achievement—although it is clear that its provisions are not only opposed by the forces of the Center and Right, but have produced considerable debate among intellectuals of the Left, too. I am thinking, for example, of the reflections of Roger Bartra in his essay “Sangre y tinta del kitsch tropical” (1999). Bartra suggests that the

Introduction to "The Fourth World War Has Begun" by Subcomandante Marcos

Sangre y tinta del kitsch tropical

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Sangre y tinta del kitsch tropical