Introduction: Landed missions on Mars have observed a complex history of martian subsurface diagenetic fluid flow (e.g., [1-3]). The martian subsurface shows promise as an ancient habitable environment, as it provides protection from harsh surface radiation, available groundwater at least transiently stretching into the Amazonian [1], and available CHNOPS elements necessary for life as we know it. These environments can be investigated with in situ missions, as upwelling of groundwater could have moved biosignatures or environmental indicators of habitability to the surface where they could be observed and explored today. To understand habitability and subsurface chemical and redox gradients, as well as the connectivity between the subsurface and the easily observable surface, we conducted laboratory flow-through and batch experiments to simulate reactions of Martian groundwater with Mars surface/subsurface soils. We constructed novel sediment columns of Mars regolith simulant and exposed them to a suite of Mars groundwater simulant compositions at different flow-through rates. We seek to study the abiotic martian groundwater environment, specifically the water-rock conditions under which redox gradients can be established. Such gradients could have established redox cycles on Mars, perhaps make elements biologically available and supporting habitable environments at redox interfaces. Background: Elements coexisting on Mars in multiple oxidation states is of great interest, as oxidation and reduction are common energy sources for microbial communities on Earth [4,5]. When there is abundant redox-sensitive material in an environment, evolutionary pressure can encourage microbial communities to evolve in a complementary way, with one community reducing and one community oxidizing the redox-sensitive material to form a cycle. This can offer an energy source for life, even in the subsurface. Additionally, redox reactions are necessary some make some elements, such as nitrogen, biologically available available. Fe is one example of an abundant redox-sensitive element on Mars that is found in different oxidation states. Fe has been found in multiple oxidation states in Gale crater, chiefly ferrous in primary mafic minerals, mixed valence in magnetite and ferric in hematite [6,7]. Oxidants on Mars include perchlorate, chlorate, peroxide, oxygen, and photooxidation (e.g. [8.9]). Nitrogen is also a redox sensivite element found on Mars [10], but its ability to cycle through redox states on Mars has not been well studied. Earth’s nitrogen cycle is centered around microbial mediation, with biological denitrification maintaining the N2 in the atmosphere and biological nitrification forming nitrate. Complex nitrogen geochemical cycling pathways can even occur throughout early diagenesis to metamorphism. It is unclear whether a nitrogen cycle can continue in the complete absence of life or whether nitrogen would simply be oxidized from the atmosphere and stored in the subsurface, effectively breaking the cycle. Fig. 1 shows abiotic processes that may have affected nitrogen on Mars. Atmospheric nitrogen could have been fixed to oxidized nitrogen species via volcanic lightning, thermal shock during impacts, or irradiation [11-18]. Nitrate in meteorites, bedrock, and aeolian samples may have been formed via postdepositional leaching or abiotic fixation mechanisms [10,19]. Reduced nitrogen has not been detected, leaving an open question of whether Mars experienced processes comparable to Earth’s biological denitrification, which could have established a primitive nitrogen cycle on Mars and made nitrogen biologically available. If this occurred, what were the rates and mineral products of those reactions, at different sediment depths and times? This would address how coupled these different reservoirs were to each other, and where the most promising habitable environments may have existed.

Laboratory sediment column simulations of chemical and redox gradients in the martian groundwater environment

Introduction Tuberculosis is still a challenging disease, infecting around a third of the world’s population. As comorbidity with mental disorder is common, it is relevant to associate them at a diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic level. Objectives We present a clinical case describing a patient with psychosis, further diagnosed with tuberculosis during psychiatric treatment. Moreover, we present a summarized revision of the state of the art. Methods Revision of the state of the art, drawing from PubMed and using the keywords “mental health”, “psychosis” and “tuberculosis”, in the last 10 years. Results Male, 61 years old, heavy smoker and alcohol drinker. Admitted for allegedly feeling “worms” in his body. After medical examination, a weight loss of 13 kg in five months and symptoms compatible with tenesmus stood out. Following diagnostic tests, the patient was diagnosed with Ekbom Syndrome and Ganglionar Tuberculosis; he was then medicated with the adequate antipsychotic and tuberculostatic agents, which resulted in overall clinical improvement. Conclusions This case illustrates the relationship between tuberculosis and mental disorders, in a patient with a low literacy level and a precarious socioeconomic background, known risk factors for mental disorder in patients with tuberculosis and are often associated with poor therapeutic adherence. Although proper treatment of the mental disorder is key to reducing the risk of tuberculostatic dropout, the stigma of mental disorder and tuberculosis decreases the probability of these patients seeking proper treatment. Thus, we alert the medical community for the possibility of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with diagnosed tuberculosis – and vice-versa –, allowing for an early intervention, Disclosure No significant relationships.

Delusional disorder and tuberculosis: A clinical case

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Laboratory sediment column simulations of chemical and redox gradients in the martian groundwater environment

Delusional disorder and tuberculosis: A clinical case