The excessive diquat (DQ) residue poses a serious hazard to the ecological environment and human health. Herein, a simple, low-cost, and scalable ultrasonication-assisted strategy was proposed to fabricate the composite of Super-P carbon black nanoparticles dispersed palygorskite (Pal) nanofiber, which was employed to construct an electrochemical sensor for DQ determination. The Pal/Super-P/GCE sensor exhibited ultrasensitive determination performance with a low detection limit (0.1514 nM) and high sensitivity (44.141 μA μM−1) in the linear DQ concentration range of 0.00050–1.0 μM. The recoveries of the constructed sensor ranged from 95.6 % to 100.3 % when applied to detect DQ in river water, potato, and cucumber. The above enhanced DQ detection performance was primarily due to the synergistic effect of Pal and Super-P. Pal with high adsorption ability and excellent biocompatibility could provide numerous attachment sites for DQ adsorption due to the superior ion-exchange property and plentiful Si-OH on its surface. Super-P with pearl-chain like structure contributed to forming an interconnected conductive network, thus facilitating the homogeneous dispersion of Pal and compensated for the poor conductivity of Pal. This study provides a valuable reference in developing clay-based nanocomposite via ultrasonication-assisted strategy to achieve the application of electrochemical sensor at the ultra-trace levels detection of pesticides. 

Ultrasensitive determination of diquat using a novel nanohybrid sensor based on Super-P nanoparticles dispersed palygorskite nanofibers

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been widely used in modern medicine because of its good biocompatibility and has become an important coating material for biological implants. However, it is seldom used in traditional metal anticorrosion field. In this paper, a [email protected]2O3/EP composite anticorrosive coating was synthesized by modifying the surface of hydroxyapatite (HAp) with polydopamine (PDA) and using amino functional group silane (KH550) doped nano Al2O3 particles for metal anti-corrosion. The introduction of polydopamine (PDA) and Al2O3 solved the problem of poor dispersion in the epoxy coating which can be obviously conducted from the decrease of agglomeration in the SEM images of both materials and composite coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that [email protected]2O3/EP coating had the smallest change range of breakpoint frequency (fb) and the highest low frequency (f = 0.01 Hz) impedance value compared with other coatings in the experiment of immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. In particular, the impedance of pure EP is only 9.93 × 104 Ω cm2 and that of [email protected]2O3/EP is up to 1.19 × 108 Ω cm2 after immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 30 days, which is 4 orders of magnitude different. The data obtained by fitting the coating equivalent circuit model (QC, Qdl, RC, Rct) also show that the coating has excellent anticorrosion performance. Besides, the anticorrosion mechanism of the coating is also studied. [email protected]2O3/EP composite anticorrosion coating plays a barrier role first when the corrosive medium begins to invade, and then protects the coating by extending the path of the corrosive medium into the coating and the release of corrosion inhibitor. This study provides a broad prospect for the application of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in traditional anticorrosive work. 

Preparation and performance of a composite epoxy coating based on modified hydroxyapatite

/pdf/cyclodextrin-applications-in-pharmacy-biology-medicine-and-2kv5asyhsj.pdf

Cyclodextrin applications in pharmacy, biology, medicine, and environment.

A composite material prepared by polymerization of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the surface of natural hydroxyapatite using citric acid as cross linker, was employed as electrode material for the detection of Pb(II). Hydroxyapatite was obtained from bovine bones, following a three-step procedure including pre-calcination, chemical treatment with (NH4)2HPO4, and calcination. The structure and morphology of the pristine hydroxyapatite (NHAPP0.5) and its functionalized counterpart (NHAPp0.5-CA-β-CD) were examined using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Upon deposition as thin film on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the ion exchange ability of NHAPp0.5-CA-β-CD was exploited to elaborate a sensitive sensor for the detection of lead. The electroanalytical procedure was based on the chemical accumulation of Pb(II) ions under open-circuit conditions, followed by the detection of the preconcentrated species using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The reproducibility of the proposed method, based on a series of 8 measurements in a solution containing 2 μM Pb(II) gave a coefficient of variation of 1.27%. Significant parameters that can affect the stripping response of Pb(II) were optimized, leading to a linear calibration curve for lead in the concentration range of 2 × 10−8 mol L−1 – 20 × 10−8 mol L−1 (R2 = 0.998). The detection limit (3S/m) and the sensitivity of the proposed sensor were 5.06 × 10−10 mol L−1 and 100.80 μA.μM−1, respectively. The interfering effect of several ions expected to affect the determination of lead was evaluated, and the proposed sensor was successfully applied in the determination of Pb(II) ions in spring water, well water, river water and tap water samples.

/pdf/surface-functionalization-of-natural-hydroxyapatite-by-4qmwhdhwth.pdf

Surface functionalization of natural hydroxyapatite by polymerization of β-cyclodextrin: application as electrode material for the electrochemical detection of Pb(II).

The diverse composition of biomass waste, with its varied chemical compounds of origin, holds substantial potential in developing low-cost carbon-based materials for electrochemical sensing applications across a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and heavy metals. This review highlights the latest developments and explores the potential of these sustainable electrodes in electrochemical sensing. Using biomass sources, these electrodes offer a renewable and cost-effective route to fabricate carbon-based sensors. The carbonization process yields highly porous materials with large surface areas, providing a wide variety of functional groups and abundant active sites for analyte adsorption, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. The review classifies, summarizes, and analyses different treatments and synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials from different sources, such as herbaceous, wood, animal and human wastes, and aquatic and industrial waste, used for the construction of electrochemical sensors over the last five years. Moreover, this review highlights various aspects including the source, synthesis parameters, strategies for improving their sensing activity, morphology, structure, and functional group contributions. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the immense potential of biomass-derived carbon-based electrodes, encouraging further research to optimize their properties and advance their integration into practical electrochemical sensing devices. 

Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review

Electroanalysis of diquat using a glassy carbon electrode modified with natural hydroxyapatite and β-cyclodextrin composite.

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Electroanalysis of diquat using a glassy carbon electrode modified with natural hydroxyapatite and β-cyclodextrin composite.

Surface functionalization of natural hydroxyapatite by polymerization of β-cyclodextrin: application as electrode material for the electrochemical detection of Pb(II).