Plants have evolved a powerful immune system to defend against infection by most microbial organisms. However, successful pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, have developed countermeasures and inject virulence proteins into the host plant cell to suppress immunity and cause devastating diseases. Despite intensive research efforts, the molecular targets of bacterial virulence proteins that are important for plant disease development have remained obscure. Here, we show that a conserved P. syringae virulence protein, HopM1, targets an immunity-associated protein, AtMIN7, in Arabidopsis thaliana. HopM1 mediates the destruction of AtMIN7 via the host proteasome. Our results illustrate a strategy by which a bacterial pathogen exploits the host proteasome to subvert host immunity and causes infection in plants.

Supporting Online Material for A Bacterial Virulence Protein Suppresses Host Innate Immunity to Cause Plant Disease

THE study of chromosomes is a branch of biology which has expanded very considerably in the last fifty years and has recently acquired an extended popularity owing partly to its association with genetics and partly to an increased technical facility which has been gradually built up from the accumulated experience of many workers. The modern microscope, perfected at the end of the last century, and the use of the microtome were understood before the War of 1914-18 and have not been improved appreciably since. On the other hand the last twenty-five years have added the smear techniques associated with the use of rapid and transparent (but often transient) stains, which can also be applied to extend the use of the microtome to very thick sections. Some improvements have been made in the formulae of fixatives and, for certain purposes, by using reagents such as acetocarmine and rapid macerating treatments involving hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid, it is now possible to see in a few minutes things which a generation ago would have necessitated a delay of several days. In other cases whole fields of new observation have been opened up by the development of special methods such as those now available for the demonstration of spiral structure. The most recent innovation, and one which is certain to be further extended in the future, is the application of specific chemical reactions such as selective digestibility and microchemical colour tests such as Feulgen's reaction to the study of chromosome structure. The Handling of Chromosomes C. D. Darlington L. F. La Cour. Pp. 166 + 16 plates. (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1942.) 8s. 6d. net.

The Handling of Chromosomes

This study aimed to investigate the suitability of spring wheat in the Western Cape as a potential feedstock for a future bio-ethanol industry as well as initiate a pre-breeding effort to develop bioethanol -directed improved lines. Determined primarily on grain yield, disease resistance and, direct as well as indirect assaying of important parameters, material was selected from a base-population for use as male parents. These were crossed with female parents sourced from the Stellenbosch University Plant Breeding Laboratory (SU-PBL) male sterility -mediated marker-assisted recurrent selection (MSMARS) programme. This programme is constituted by an agronomically and disease-resistance improved population, containing a dominant male sterility gene (Ms3). The progeny of these crosses was used to initiate the production of doubled haploids in order to ultimately derive higher ethanol yielding lines. Multi-location field trial (MLFT) data revealed that 00K60-16-3-3 was the best adapted and highest yielding (2160.95 litres ethanol per hectare) advanced breeding line (ABL). Its performance was not statistically significantly less than first-ranked 03H86-8-2 (2184.62 litres per hectare) and both ABLs significantly (P≤0.05) out-performed six controls in the study. ABL 00K60-16-3-3 was also the most adapted in terms of potential yield in litres per ton of grain. ABL 03H86-8-1 was second recommended for the Western Cape, performing above the expected mean for yield in litres per hectare. Further adaptation of specific ABLs to the two major sub-regions of the Western Cape i.e. the Swartland and Southern Cape including the Rûens was also elucidated. Napier was significantly the highest yielding trial site although none of the considered sites were both stable and high yielding. It was also determined that entry X locality interaction (GxE) was indeed significant across the whole production area regarding litres per hectare as well as its two subregions. This is expected considering the environmentally diverse nature of the region as a whole. Using several entries as examples, relationships between starch, ethanol production in litres ethanol per hectare and litres per ton where grain yield is not taken into consideration were illustrated. Overall applicable relationships other than clear grouped entry differences could not be established. What was clearly demonstrated however, is that the maximization of grain yield is paramount. Highlighted thus, is the individuality of a specific genotype where MLFTs will always be required to quantify genotype potential.

Investigation into the suitability of wheat for ethanol production in the Western Cape

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Investigation into the suitability of wheat for ethanol production in the Western Cape