A computational study has been conducted on various airfoils to simulate flows at Reynolds numbers (Re) primarily between 104 and 105 to provide understanding and guidance for MAV and other low-Rey...

https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/1.C034415

Basic Understanding of Airfoil Characteristics at Low Reynolds Numbers (104–105)

Insect-inspired, tailless, hover-capable flapping-wing robots: Recent progress, challenges, and future directions

This article presents the results of an expert survey aimed at defining the concept of New Space. New Space is a blurry concept which is oftentimes confused with other key ideas, such as the commercialization of space activities, or the use of miniaturized technology (such as CubeSats) in space missions design and implementation. Our expert survey reveals that the three key characteristics defining New Space are instead customer focus, new product development approaches, and new business models (private versus institutional investors). This article provides a semi-quantitative comparison of these characteristics, which we define as traits, which are used to distinguish between New Space and legacy space activities. Based on the results of the comparison and literature search, we provide a brief discussion of key technology trends emerging in New Space, namely, on autonomy, miniaturization, platforms, and crowd. This article will be of relevance to all stakeholders concerned with the creation and growth of New Space ecosystems worldwide, to which we propose ideas for taking different roles in the ecosystem.

Definition of New Space—Expert Survey Results and Key Technology Trends

Numerical predictions of low Reynolds number compressible aerodynamics

Growth in application fields of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and an increase in their total number are followed by higher and higher expectations imposed on improvements in UAV propulsion and energy management systems. Most commercial vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) UAVs employ a constant pitch propeller that forces a mission execution tradeoff in the majority of cases. An alternative solution, presented here, consists of the use of a variable pitch propeller. The paper summarizes experimental measurements of the propulsion system equipped with an innovative variable pitch rotor. The investigations incorporated characteristics of the rotor for no wind conditions and a new approach to optimize pitch settings in hover flight as a function of UAV weight and energy consumption. As UAV battery capacity is always limited, efficient energy management is the only way to increase UAV mission performance. The study shows that use of a variable pitch propeller can increase the maximal takeoff weight of the aircraft and improve power efficiency in hover, especially if load varies for different missions. The maximal thrust measured was 31% higher with respect to the original blade settings. The coefficient of thrust during hover showed an increase of 2.6% up to 7.5% for various pitch angles with respect to the original fixed propeller.

Variable Pitch Propeller for UAV-Experimental Tests

The present study is in response to increased interest towards assessing the feasibility of a small-scale autonomous helicopter (gross weight less than 1 kg) for Martian exploration An autonomous rotorcraft may be ideally suited for such an application because of its unique advantages, which include the ability to take off/land vertically on harsh terrain, and greater speed, range, and field of view, when compared to a traditional surface rover The atmospheric conditions on Mars present a unique set of design challenges Even though the Martian gravity is only about 38% of Earth’s gravity, the Martian average atmospheric density is about 70 times lower than Earth’s atmospheric density Therefore, the rotors would be operating at extremely low Reynolds numbers, even lower than 5000 for a small-scale helicopter However, the Mach number will be significantly higher (M>04) because of the higher tip speed required (due to lower density) and because of the fact that the speed of sound on Mars is only about 

Hover Performance of a Small-Scale Helicopter Rotor for Flying on Mars

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Hover Performance of a Small-Scale Helicopter Rotor for Flying on Mars