Commercial applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning have made remarkable progress recently, particularly in areas such as image recognition, natural speech processing, language translation, textual analysis, and self-learning. Progress had historically languished in these areas, such that these skills had come to seem ineffably bound to intelligence. However, these commercial advances have performed best at single-task applications in which imperfect outputs and occasional frank errors can be tolerated.The practice of anesthesiology is different. It embodies a requirement for high reliability, and a pressured cycle of interpretation, physical action, and response rather than any single cognitive act. This review covers the basics of what is meant by artificial intelligence and machine learning for the practicing anesthesiologist, describing how decision-making behaviors can emerge from simple equations. Relevant clinical questions are introduced to illustrate how machine learning might help solve them-perhaps bringing anesthesiology into an era of machine-assisted discovery.

/pdf/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-in-2vz4taljx1.pdf

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Anesthesiology

Computational Creativity is a multidisciplinary field that tries to obtain creative behaviors from computers. One of its most prolific subfields is that of Music Generation (also called Algorithmic Composition or Musical Metacreation), that uses computational means to compose music. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of this research field, it is sometimes hard to define precise goals and to keep track of what problems can be considered solved by state-of-the-art systems and what instead needs further developments. With this survey, we try to give a complete introduction to those who wish to explore Computational Creativity and Music Generation. To do so, we first give a picture of the research on the definition and the evaluation of creativity, both human and computational, needed to understand how computational means can be used to obtain creative behaviors and its importance within Artificial Intelligence studies. We then review the state of the art of Music Generation Systems, by citing examples for all the main approaches to music generation, and by listing the open challenges that were identified by previous reviews on the subject. For each of these challenges, we cite works that have proposed solutions, describing what still needs to be done and some possible directions for further research.

Computational Creativity and Music Generation Systems: An Introduction to the State of the Art.

Digital advances have transformed the face of automatic music generation since its beginnings at the dawn of computing. Despite the many breakthroughs, issues such as the musical tasks targeted by different machines and the degree to which they succeed remain open questions. We present a functional taxonomy for music generation systems with reference to existing systems. The taxonomy organizes systems according to the purposes for which they were designed. It also reveals the inter-relatedness amongst the systems. This design-centered approach contrasts with predominant methods-based surveys and facilitates the identification of grand challenges to set the stage for new breakthroughs.

A Functional Taxonomy of Music Generation Systems

Computers have lead to a revolution in the games we play, and, following this, an interest for computer-based games has been sparked in research communities. However, this easily leads to the perception of a one-way direction of influence between that the field of game research and computer science. This historical investigation points towards a deep and intertwined relationship between research on games and the development of computers, giving a richer picture of both fields. While doing so, an overview of early game research is presented and an argument made that the
distinction between digital games and non-digital games may be counter-productive to game research as a whole.

http://www.fdg2013.org/program/papers/paper01_bjork.pdf

On The Foundations of Digital Games

This paper examines five key questions surrounding computer generated art. Driven by the recent public auction of a work of “AI Art” we selectively summarise many decades of research and commentary around topics of autonomy, authenticity, authorship and intention in computer generated art, and use this research to answer contemporary questions often asked about art made by computers that concern these topics. We additionally reflect on whether current techniques in deep learning and Generative Adversarial Networks significantly change the answers provided by many decades of prior research.

Autonomy, Authenticity, Authorship and Intention in Computer Generated Art

Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage, Esq.

From the Preface

Ada's Legacy illustrates the depth and diversity of writers, thinkers, and makers who have been inspired by Ada Lovelace, the English mathematician and writer. The volume, which commemorates the bicentennial of Ada's birth in December 1815, celebrates Lovelace's many achievements as well as the impact of her life and work, which reverberated widely since the late 19th century. In the 21st century we have seen a resurgence in Lovelace scholarship, thanks to the growth of interdisciplinary thinking and the expanding influence of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Ada's Legacy is a unique contribution to this scholarship. Here, the editors present work on topics previously unknown to coexist in print: Ada's collaboration with Charles Babbage, the development of the Ada programming language, Ada's position in the Victorian and Steampunk literary genres, Ada's representation in and inspiration of contemporary art and comics, and Ada's continued relevance in discussions around gender and technology in the digital age. With the 200th anniversary of Ada Lovelace's birth on December 10, 2015, we believe that the timing is perfect to publish this collection. Because of its broad focus on subjects that reach far beyond the life and work of Ada herself, Ada's Legacy will appeal to readers who are curious about Ada's enduring importance in computing and the wider world. 

The idea for this book originated from the first academic conference of its kind, Ada Lovelace: An Interdisciplinary Conference Celebrating her Achievements and Legacy, which took place at Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, New Jersey) on October 18, 2013, under the auspices of the Institute's College of Arts and Letters. The time was definitely right to bring this conference to Stevens, which was until 1971 a male-only school. By 1982, Stevens became the first major institute in the United States to implement a personal computer requirement for its students. Around this time, a pioneering technology project resulted in the networking of the entire Stevens campus, creating one of the nation's first intranets. Additionally, the recent development of undergraduate programs in the College of Arts and Letters, including Gender Studies as well as Science and Technology Studies, which strongly anchors women in STEM, clearly made Stevens well positioned to host a conference celebrating Lovelace's achievements and legacy. The conference brought together international scholars from across the disciplines to coincide with the week celebrating Ada Lovelace Day. Tremendous interest circulated in advance of the conference, particularly among computing history specialists and 19th-century literary scholars, and it escalated immediately following the proceedings. Tom Misa, director of the Charles Babbage Institute and a featured speaker at the conference, numbered chiefly among those who caught this interest. He envisioned the possibility for a book project to develop concrete examination of ideas inspired by the proceedings. The conference organizer, Robin Hammerman, and Andrew Russell, director of the College of Arts and Letters Science and Technology Studies program, enthusiastically agreed to collaborate as editors for this interdisciplinary collection. 

Many of the papers published in this volume first were presented at the conference in October 2013. We are pleased to acknowledge the supporters of that conference: Dr. Lisa Dolling, former Dean of the College of Arts & Letters at Stevens Institute of Technology, and Dr. George Korfiatis, Provost of Stevens Institute of Technology. 

The editors are grateful to Thomas J. Misa, Series Editor for ACM's History of Computing, for skillfully overseeing the development of this project from its inception to completion. We also are happy to thank Diane Cerra, Executive Editor at Morgan & Claypool Publishers, for her kind and capable attention to the production of this volume. And we are delighted that Sydney Padua graciously agreed to create original illustrations for Ada's Legacy.

Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age

This study addresses two overlooked areas within communication research: feminist philosophizing and computer users from the 1970s. Muted group theory, the PLATO forum, and the second wave of the feminist movement in the United States all shared the 1970s as their decade of ferment. Using analytical feminism and muted group theory, I explore how gender manifested within PLATO, the “seed of the social computing fabric.” Applying critical analyses of power to 1970s discourses as social artifacts reveals gendered muting processes that have persisted. To attain voice, women have (had) to present themselves in stereotypical ways that are aligned with men’s discourse. The findings of this study demonstrate that PLATO’s discourse promoted the dominance of men as experts and the muting of women by women as complicit partners. Historically informed research, including discourse analyses of PLATO, creates the proper foundation to understand how voice is muted in modern studies of women’s discourse online. Critical scholarship of gendered electronic communication needs to examine when women speak and what they say

"Genderless" Online Discourse in the 1970s: Muted Group Theory in Early Social Computing

This chapter makes needed corrections to an unduly negative scholarly view of Ada Lovelace. Credit between Lovelace and Babbage is not a zero-sum game, where any credit added to Lovelace somehow detracts from Babbage. Ample evidence indicates Babbage and Lovelace each had important contributions to the famous 1843 Sketch of Babbage's Analytical Engine and the accompanying Notes. Further, Lovelace's correspondence with two highly accomplished figures in 19th century mathematics, Charles Babbage and Augustus De Morgan, establish her mathematical background and sophistication. Babbage and Lovelace's treatment of the Bernoulli numbers in Note 'G' spotlights this aspect of their collaboration. Finally, while acknowledging significant definitional problems in calling Lovelace the world's"first computer programmer,"I affirm that Lovelace created an elemental sequence of instructions -- that is, an algorithm -- for computing the series of Bernoulli numbers.

Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and the Bernoulli Numbers

"I shall in due time be a poet": Ada Lovelace's Poetical Science in Its Literary Context

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