Battery energy storage system (BESS) has been applied extensively to provide grid services such as frequency regulation, voltage support, energy arbitrage, etc. Advanced control and optimization algorithms are implemented to meet operational requirements and to preserve battery lifetime. While fundamental research has improved the understanding of battery characteristics, a lack of insights into BESS applications and low data transparency limit the understanding of battery usage. This work reviews recent advancements in BESS grid services, with a focus on use cases and synergies with other components. After reviewing the parameters to describe the hardware features, a quantitative framework is proposed to assess the usage pattern of BESS applications in long term, which is further implemented for an overview of the BESS duty profiles in grid applications. Specifically, the frequency regulation service is emphasized, and the cross-cutting integrations with energy storage, energy production, and energy consumption components are summarized. Additionally, an elaborate survey of BESS grid applications in the recent 10 years is used to evaluate the advancement of the state of charge, state of health, and technical and economic research. With a comprehensive review of the BESS grid application and integration, this work introduces a new perspective on analyzing the duty cycle of BESS applications, which enhances communication of BESS operations and connects with technical and economic operations, including battery usage optimization and degradation research. It provides an overview of the BESS use cases in grid applications and paves the way for further application-oriented battery research. 

Grid-connected battery energy storage system: a review on application and integration

Dynamic grid stability in low carbon power systems with minimum inertia

This paper describes a power system inertia estimation method that utilizes power perturbations caused by the flow switch on an HVDC interconnector. The analysis is performed using real power system measurements from Ireland's all-island power system. The method employs an energy based estimation technique which permits a non-step power change to be used for inertia calculation and encapsulates the challenges associated with the use of real data. While it is shown that synchronous generators account for most of the power system inertia, other contributors are also investigated, namely power station auxiliary load, distributed generation and power system demand. Time-of-day and wind related effects on Ireland's power system inertia are explored. Recommendations are made for the practical implementation of the method.

/pdf/power-system-inertia-estimation-using-hvdc-power-21xr2p0acz.pdf

Power System Inertia Estimation Using HVDC Power Perturbations

The ambitious target of reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 in the UK, which includes the decarbonisation of heat and electricity, means the increase of instantaneous power from non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RESs). The intermittency of RESs will cause stability issues for the grid resulting from the mismatch between generation from RES and load demand. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can match loads with generation and can provide flexibility to the grid. This study is proposing the health sector as a new flexibility services provider for the grid through BESS. The health sector has large loads that run throughout the year, and by managing this load it can provide flexibility to the grid.  Four different scenarios have been evaluated for a range of behind-the-meter (BTM) BESS for a hospital in the UK to provide arbitrage and ancillary services considering the option of installing a photovoltaic (PV) system. It was found that BESS would not be economically viable through arbitrage alone since the payback period was always greater than the BESS lifetime. However, bundling services by participating in the ancillary services market resulted in payback periods as low as 3.10 years for some systems, and the net present value (NPV) could reach more than £5 million. This work provides evidence that the health sector can be a significant player in the transition to a renewables-led energy system, an exemplar for other sectors, and one of the solutions to recovery from the COVID19 pandemic.

Evaluation of a battery energy storage system in hospitals for arbitrage and ancillary services

Centralised, front-of-the-meter battery energy storage systems are an option to support and add flexibility to distribution networks with increasing distributed photovoltaic systems, which generate renewable energy locally and help decarbonise the power sector. However, the provision of specific services at distribution level remains under development for real applications in industry. To this end, this paper presents an exhaustive techno-economic analysis of the role of front-of-the-meter battery energy storage systems in primary distribution networks with presence of distributed PV covering: (i) the siting decision for storage systems using multi-objective genetic algorithm optimisation; (ii) the response when smart capabilities for PV inverters (e.g., volt-var control) are present; and (iii) the quantification of revenue streams and compensation schemes that would bring positive profitability when providing distribution-specific services based on the supply of real and reactive power. The performance of grid-level battery energy storage technology is evaluated in the IEEE 34-bus system particularised to the distribution code of Northern Ireland, UK. The techno-economic assessment covers one year of simulations at 1-minute resolution performed with the simulation tool EPRI OpenDSS and its Python communication interface. The results show that, besides the technical benefits of centralised battery storage systems, the economic compensation based on traditional transmission-level services is not sufficient for the profitability of these projects. Several ideas are explored to improve the profitability of these systems considering the local value and decarbonisation they add. The findings presented can direct system operators and regulators towards developing schemes to incentivise centralised battery energy storage projects in distribution networks in the context of distribution-level services.

/pdf/techno-economic-assessment-of-grid-level-battery-energy-4m0k8289fw.pdf

Techno-Economic Assessment of Grid-Level Battery Energy Storage Supporting Distributed Photovoltaic Power

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) offer many desirable services from peak demand lopping/valley filling too fast power response services. These services can be scheduled so they enhance each other; in this manner, the inverter size is effectively leveraged with battery capacity. A variable cost for under-frequency service provision will be required to incentivise this type of operation, and various options are explored in this study. It is demonstrated that BESSs may struggle for profitability under certain service payments; however, returns can be maximised through revenue stacking. In this study, enhanced service provision results in increased power system service provision and returns from energy arbitrage. A 10 and 2 years datasets, containing information on the Irish power system, are used to investigate potential per MW revenue from a BESS with a 1.5 and 2.5 h batteries. Three statistically derived, engineering-based, power system service scalar multipliers are investigated and compared with the scalar being introduced on the Irish system. It is demonstrated that flexible service payments can be increased by more than 10% while receiving arbitrage payments. The seasonal variation in BESS revenue is investigated and observed to be mitigated or exacerbated by service scalars.

/pdf/stacking-battery-energy-storage-revenues-with-enhanced-3j2fcoxm71.pdf

Stacking battery energy storage revenues with enhanced service provision

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Stacking battery energy storage revenues with enhanced service provision