Potential utilization of bioproducts from microalgae for the quality enhancement of natural products.

Microalgae are promising sustainable energy sources for biodiesel production due to their rapid photosynthesis growth rate and capacity to be cultivated in wastewater, seawater, or freshwater. Moreover, microalgae could complete the entire growth cycle via photosynthesis reactions that convert light energy into renewable energy. The closed photobioreactor, PBR is resistant to infection from uninhabited algae species and allows frequent monitoring of various factors such as temperature, light intensity, and pH during the cultivation phase. Thus, this study focuses on continuous cultivation technology which produces higher biomass productivity with sustainable energy-saving operation as compared to batch culture. High productivity of microalgae biomass tends to accumulate higher concentrations of lipid and carbohydrates composition which is essential for the production of biofuels. The energy balance of numerous microalgae-based biofuels was discussed, and it was discovered that the net-energy ratio was greater than 1, indicating that the process is both commercially feasible and environmentally friendly. This study also summarizes the most recent discoveries on continuous cultivation constraints through photobioreactors, PBRs as well as potential challenges to tackle in scaling up the continuous sustainable culture mechanism. The research gaps, market opportunities, and future development directions of continuous photobioreactor systems are discussed to explore future development opportunities. A continuous photobioreactor, architecture is recommended for a pilot-scale trial, as a cost-benefit comparison would be beneficial in commercializing the framework.

Continuous cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy: Current status and future challenges

Insights into upstream processing of microalgae: A review

Photo-bioreactor design for microalgae: A review from the aspect of CO2 transfer and conversion.

Microalgae based production of single-cell protein.

Control of temperature is a major challenge for industrial microalgae production in photobioreactors outdoors. Strains with tolerance for high temperatures can reduce the cost of production as active temperature control is not required. In this study, marine photoautotrophic microorganisms were isolated to reduce the need for control of high temperature. Twenty-two samples were taken from different saline waters on the Caribbean island Bonaire. During strain enrichment, a temperature of 40 °C was used as selective pressure and strains with the highest growth rate were selected. We isolated and identified 59 strains, after which 5 were selected for characterization on growth rate and biomass composition. Picochlorum sp. and Leptolyngbya sp. showed optimal growth at 40 °C and 35 °C with a growth rate of 0.12 h−1 during daytime, respectively. The strains contain 62.1% and 68.2% of protein and have varying fatty acid compositions suitable for application as edible oil and biofuel.

Bioprospecting and characterization of temperature tolerant microalgae from Bonaire

Towards industrial production of microalgae without temperature control: The effect of diel temperature fluctuations on microalgal physiology.

Closed photobioreactors reach temperatures that reduce microalgal production or even cause culture collapses. Cooling can maintain the temperature within tolerable boundaries, but cooling is energy‐intensive and expensive. Thermotolerant microalgal strains can reduce dependence on such cooling. In this study, adaptive laboratory evolution was performed for 390 days to further increase the maximal tolerable temperature for the already thermotolerant microalgae Picochlorum sp. (BPE23). The parental wild‐type strain of Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) exhibited a maximum mid‐day growth temperature of 47.5°C, whereas the isolated clones grew up to 49°C. At a lower temperature of 40°C, the growth rate and absorption cross‐sectional area were similar for the wild‐type strain and the evolved clones. Interestingly, the clones showed a 46% increase in cell volume compared to the wild‐type strain. The evolved clones with an expanded upper‐temperature boundary can be applied for broader temperature control of 1.5°C, without trade‐off effects at lower temperatures.

Expanding the upper‐temperature boundary for the microalga Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) by adaptive laboratory evolution

Multiple models have been developed in the field to simulate growth and product accumulation of microalgal cultures. These models heavily depend on the accurate estimation of growth parameters. In this paper growth parameters are presented for three industrially relevant microalgae species: Nannochloropsis sp., Neochloris oleoabundans, and Picochlorum sp. (BPE23). Dedicated growth experiments were done in photobioreactors to determine the maximal biomass yield on light and maintenance rate, while oxygen evolution experiments were performed to estimate the maximal specific growth rate. Picochlorum sp. exhibited the highest specific growth rate of 4.98 ± 0.24 day−1 and the lowest specific maintenance rate of 0.079 day−1, whereas N. oleoabundans showed the highest biomass yield on light of 1.78 gx·molph−1. The measured growth parameters were used in a simple kinetic growth model for verification. When simulating growth under light conditions as found at Bonaire (12 °N, 68° W), Picochlorum sp. displayed the highest areal biomass productivity of 32.2 g.m−2·day−1 and photosynthetic efficiency of 2.8%. The presented growth parameters show to be accurate compared to experimental data and can be used for model calibration by scientists and industrial communities in the field.

/pdf/growth-parameter-estimation-and-model-simulation-for-three-2lhgul9f.pdf

Growth parameter estimation and model simulation for three industrially relevant microalgae: Picochlorum, Nannochloropsis, and Neochloris

Thermotolerant microalgae : bioprospecting followed by adaptive laboratory evolution for strain selection and improvement

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