The Stability of Cyclodextrin Complexes in Solution.

The Social Transformation of American Medicine is one of the most comprehensive studies on the rise of the medical profession and the development of the health care industry published to date, Starr is able to span the fields of medicine so that he discusses intelligently the economic, political, and historical developments in medical care. His wri ting is clear and succinct, his arguments are copiously footnoted, and the inferences he draws are sound. In Book I, he covers \"the rise of medical authority and the shaping of the medical system\"; in Book II, \"doctors, the State, and the coming of the corporation.\" Reviews by Daniel Bell of Harvard and George Silver of Yale call Starr's work brilliant-I would agree. I would recommend this book to anyone who wants to understand the current health care system. Starr describes the movement of the medical profession from one that was initially viewed skeptically to one that was later embraced; and now, coming full circle, to one that is viewed critically. Starr maintains that the current status of American medicine is the result of our history of accommodating professional interests while failing to exercise control over health programs, and then needing to adopt piecemeal regulations and cut-backs on programs that become too inflationary, One of the primary messages I take from this book is the importance of a com bination of forces: a profession's authority, the political climate, and the current philosophy about health care. Starr illustrates how these forces coalesce to defeat or achieve medical improvements. As occupational therapists, we are dependent on the development of the health care industry. It is wise for us to understand the forces that have an impact on medical care and what they could mean for our profession, Kay Barbara Schwartz, M.S., OTR

The social transformation of american medicine.

Cyclodextrins are extremely attractive components of artificial enzymes and other biomimetic materials. They are readily available, they bind hydrophobic substrates into their cavities in water solution, and they have two rims of hydroxyl groups (Figure 1) that can either react with substrates themselves or be used to attach other catalytic and functional groups. Of course, they have disadvantages. For one, unless they are extensively modified their complexes with substrates can be rather flexible and, perhaps, with unpredictable preferred geometry. They are also unstable to strong acid. Thus for some purposes such synthetic cavity species as calixerenes1 or synthetic macrocycles2-4 may have advantages. However, one of the chief advantages of cyclodextrins is highly attractivesthey are readily available, so it is possible to avoid the synthesis of a binding group and go directly to studies of what can be achieved with their use. Afterward, the lessons learned may be applied to other systems with advantage. This review will cover all the literature on reactions in which cyclodextrins bind substrates and then either catalyze their reactions or mimic a step in an enzymatic catalytic sequence. However, it will not describe work in which cyclodextrins simply change the course of a reaction without playing an obvious catalytic role involving substrate binding. For example, there are systems in which the main function of the cyclodextrin seems to be to complex a metal ion and keep it in solution.5-11 There are other studies in which binding into a cyclodextrin simply alters the selectivity of attack by an external reagent in some way12-24 or causes solubilization to facilitate phase transfer catalysis.12,25,26 Presumably such other areas are described elsewhere in this volume. While much work on artificial enzymes using cyclodextrins has been done in the author’s laboratory, and will be described, every effort is made to describe all the relevant work in the field. Several reviews of this subject already exist and should be consulted for further information.2,27-70 The readily Ronald Breslow, born in 1931 in Rahway, NJ, completed his B.A. in chemistry in1952, his M.A. in medical science in 1953, and his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1955 with R. B. Woodward, all at Harvard University. After a postdoctoral year with Alexander Todd in Cambridge, he came to Columbia University where he is now University Professor and Professor of Chemistry. His work on enzyme models, on novel conjugated aromatic and antiaromatic molecules, on electrochemical and hydrophobic methods in mechanistic chemistry, and on anticancer cytodifferentiating agents has been recognized by a number of awards, including the U.S. National Medal of Science. In 1996, he served as President of the American Chemical Society.

Biomimetic Reactions Catalyzed by Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives.

Supramolecular Catalysis in Metal–Ligand Cluster Hosts

Polymer-Supported Organic Catalysts†

Bolaform and classical cationic metallomicelles as catalysts of the cleavage of p-nitrophenyl picolinate

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of folate-cyclodextrin bioconjugate for active drug delivery.

Reduction des fonctions cetones dans les complexes 1:1 formes entre la β-cyclodextrine et des alcanophenones, et alcanones, a l'aide de NaBH 4 dans le carbonate de sodium

Asymmetric reductions by sodium borohydride of ketone-.beta.-cyclodextrin complexes

Reaction of carbonyl compounds with chloromethyl p-tolyl sulphone or with chloro(phenyl)acetonitrile in a two-phase system, in the presence of chiral ammonium salts, affords the corresponding oxirans with 0–2.5% optical yields. The presence of a hydroxy-group β to the ‘onium’ function is essential to achieve asymmetric induction. Asymmetric induction is increased by binding of the catalyst to a polymeric matrix to give optical yields up to 23%.

Asymmetric induction in the Darzens reaction by means of chiral phase-transfer in a two-phase system. The effect of binding the catalyst to a solid polymeric support

Reaction of carbonyl compounds with sodium borohydride in a two-phase system, in the presence of chiral ammonium salts containing a secondary hydroxy-group affords the corresponding carbinols with 0–32% enantiomeric excess. The optical yields are higher when the hydroxy group is β to the ‘onium’ function and the catalyst is conformationally more rigid.

Asymmetric induction in the borohydride reduction of carbonyl compounds by means of chiral phase-transfer catalysts. Part 2

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