Data Reduction And Error Analysis For The Physical Sciences

The debilitating effects on hand function from a number of a neurologic disorders has given rise to the development of rehabilitative robotic devices aimed at restoring hand function in these patients. To combat the shortcomings of previous traditional robotics, soft robotics are rapidly emerging as an alternative due to their inherent safety, less complex designs, and increased potential for portability and efficacy. While several groups have begun designing devices, there are few devices that have progressed enough to provide clinical evidence of their design’s therapeutic abilities. Therefore, a global review of devices that have been previously attempted could facilitate the development of new and improved devices in the next step towards obtaining clinical proof of the rehabilitative effects of soft robotics in hand dysfunction. A literature search was performed in SportDiscus, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles related to the design of soft robotic devices for hand rehabilitation. A framework of the key design elements of the devices was developed to ease the comparison of the various approaches to building them. This framework includes an analysis of the trends in portability, safety features, user intent detection methods, actuation systems, total DOF, number of independent actuators, device weight, evaluation metrics, and modes of rehabilitation. In this study, a total of 62 articles representing 44 unique devices were identified and summarized according to the framework we developed to compare different design aspects. By far, the most common type of device was that which used a pneumatic actuator to guide finger flexion/extension. However, the remainder of our framework elements yielded more heterogeneous results. Consequently, those results are summarized and the advantages and disadvantages of many design choices as well as their rationales were highlighted. The past 3 years has seen a rapid increase in the development of soft robotic devices for hand rehabilitative applications. These mostly preclinical research prototypes display a wide range of technical solutions which have been highlighted in the framework developed in this analysis. More work needs to be done in actuator design, safety, and implementation in order for these devices to progress to clinical trials. It is our goal that this review will guide future developers through the various design considerations in order to develop better devices for patients with hand impairments.

/pdf/soft-robotic-devices-for-hand-rehabilitation-and-assistance-fhk7b4mnt2.pdf

Soft robotic devices for hand rehabilitation and assistance: a narrative review

Overhead work is a frequent cause of shoulder work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Exoskeletons offering arm support have the potential to reduce shoulder strain, without requiring large scale reorganization of the workspace. Assessment of such systems however requires to take multiple factors into consideration. This paper presents a thorough in-lab assessment of PAEXO, a novel passive exoskeleton for arm support during overhead work. A list of evaluation criteria and associated performance metrics is proposed to cover both objective and subjective effects of the exoskeleton, on the user and on the task being performed. These metrics are measured during a lab study, where 12 participants perform an overhead pointing task with and without the exoskeleton, while their physical, physiological and psychological states are monitored. Results show that using PAEXO reduces shoulder physical strain as well as global physiological strain, without increasing low back strain nor degrading balance. These positive effects are achieved without degrading task performance. Importantly, participants’ opinions of PAEXO are positive, in agreement with the objective measures. Thus, PAEXO seems a promising solution to help prevent shoulder injuries and diseases among overhead workers, without negatively impacting productivity.

/pdf/objective-and-subjective-effects-of-a-passive-exoskeleton-on-1hdvm46hek.pdf

Objective and Subjective Effects of a Passive Exoskeleton on Overhead Work

Soft robotics is a branch of robotics that deals with mechatronics and electromechanical systems primarily made of soft materials. This paper presents a summary of a chronicle study of various soft robotic hand exoskeletons, with different electroencephalography (EEG)- and electromyography (EMG)-based instrumentations and controls, for rehabilitation and assistance in activities of daily living. A total of 45 soft robotic hand exoskeletons are reviewed. The study follows two methodological frameworks: a systematic review and a chronological review of the exoskeletons. The first approach summarizes the designs of different soft robotic hand exoskeletons based on their mechanical, electrical and functional attributes, including the degree of freedom, number of fingers, force transmission, actuation mode and control strategy. The second approach discusses the technological trend of soft robotic hand exoskeletons in the past decade. The timeline analysis demonstrates the transformation of the exoskeletons from rigid ferrous materials to soft elastomeric materials. It uncovers recent research, development and integration of their mechanical and electrical components. It also approximates the future of the soft robotic hand exoskeletons and some of their crucial design attributes.

Moving toward Soft Robotics: A Decade Review of the Design of Hand Exoskeletons.

We are presenting a novel approach for the task of driving behavior classification based on stacked LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks. Given a nine different sensor data captured using a smart phone internal sensors during a naturalistic driving sessions, we formulated the driving behavior classification problem as time-series classification task. Whereas, given a window sequence of fused feature vectors of sensor data at any time step of a driving trip, we can accurately classify the driving behavior during that window sequence from a three distinctive driving behavior classes, namely normal, aggressive or drowsy driving. We evaluated our proposed Stacked-LSTM model on one of the recent naturalistic driving behavior analysis and classification dataset, UAH-DriveSet. Our proposed Stacked-LSTM model has achieved state-of-the-art results on the UAH-DriveSet with much higher true positive rate as well as lower false positive rate in comparison to the baseline approach. We have also compared the performance of our proposed Stacked-LSTM model against a number of the common classification algorithms used in the driving behavior classification and analysis studies and we achieved F1-measure score of 91% with an improvement of more than 10% over the closest compared approaches.

Driving behavior classification based on sensor data fusion using LSTM recurrent neural networks

Tasks at or above head level have been known to cause discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders. This letter presents a novel wearable active pneumatic exoskeletal support system with a power tool based control interface to make work at head level or above more comfortable. Subjective task effort (Borg CR10), movement velocities, and muscle activity (surface electromyography) have been evaluated and different passive and active operation modes are being compared. We show that the exoskeleton is capable of performing a substantial reduction in muscle activity, increasing upper arm elevation velocities, and reducing task effort. The comparison of an active support mode with a trigger button at the tool grip with a passive support mode showed that users reported less resistance for lowering the arm and increased velocities when they were able to adjust the support with a simple button. We show that for tasks with a varying weight of loads, an adaptive active exoskeleton is greatly beneficial over a passive one as it eases usability and acceptance.

Evaluation of a Novel Active Exoskeleton for Tasks at or Above Head Level

This paper presents pricing innovations to German car insurance. The purpose is to provide an effective approach to adapting actuarial pricing decision to incorporate telematic data, which differs substantially from established tariff criteria in complexity and volume. A vehicle mobility model and a real-world sample of driving profiles form the input into the analysis. We propose an allocation of the driving profiles based on velocity and acceleration parameters to specific driving styles for evaluating the driving behaviour to subsequently enable discounts or surcharges on the premiums to obtain usage-based insurance premiums. The result is highly relevant for actuaries, who calculate the tariffs, but also for managers, as they have to make a pricing decision.

/pdf/telematic-driving-profile-classification-in-car-insurance-1iob2jjd0a.pdf

Telematic driving profile classification in car insurance pricing

Due to the volatile conditions in today’s production, flexible assembly systems are required. However, current plants are often custom-made which are designed for a fix product spectrum. Especially for the assembly of unique products or products with a small-scale lot size and large-scale lot size with a high diversity of variants, many manufacturing steps are difficult or non economic to automate. Thus, a large part of the manufacturing processes is to be performed manually. These can be supported by assistance systems, but appropriate systems are seldom available. A new approach for supporting manual assembly tasks is the hybridization of biological and technical systems, a so-called “Human Hybrid Robot” (HHR). The kinematic chains of human, machines and tools are configured task-depended in serial and parallel arrangement. By doing so, the individual skills are used optimally. Main focus of this concept is improving the assembly accuracy and error prevention to boost the overall quality of the assembly processes. This paper presents the theoretical concept. Possible applications and realization of exemplary components are outlined to show the potential of HHR.

Human Hybrid Robot: a new concept for supporting manual assembly tasks

Industrial exoskeletons for overhead work: Circumferential pressures on the upper arm caused by the physical human-machine-interface.

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders constitute the leading work-related health issue. Mechanical loading of the lower back contributes as a major risk factor and is prevalent in many tasks performed in logistics. The study aimed to compare acute effects of exoskeletons with different functional mechanisms in a logistic task. Twelve young, healthy individuals participated in the study. Five exoskeletons with different functional mechanisms were tested in a logistic task, consisting of lifting, carrying, and lowering a 13 kg box. By using electromyography (EMG), mean muscle activities of four muscles in the trunk were analyzed. Additionally, kinematics by task completion time and range of motion (RoM) of the major joints and segments were investigated. A main effect was found for Musculus erector spinae, Musculus multifidus, and Musculus latissimus dorsi showing differences in muscle activity reductions between exoskeletons. Reduction in ES mean activity compared to baseline was primarily during lifting from ground level. The exoskeletons SoftExo Lift and Cray X also showed ES mean reduction during lowering the box. Prolonged task duration during the lifting phase was found for the exoskeletons BionicBack, SoftExo Lift, and Japet.W. Japet.W showed a trend in reducing hip RoM during that phase. SoftExo Lift caused a reduction in trunk flexion during the lifting phase. A stronger trunk inclination was only found during lifting from the table for the SoftExo Lift and the Cray X. In conclusion, muscle activity reductions by exoskeleton use should not be assessed without taking their designed force paths into account to correctly interpret the effects for long-term injury prevention.

/pdf/effects-of-back-support-exoskeletons-with-different-21ecr92a.pdf

Effects of back-support exoskeletons with different functional mechanisms on trunk muscle activity and kinematics

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