Environmental Management Systems

An overview of the classification of ecological normalization methods is presented to facilitate the evaluationof alternatives. An historical review is given of the development of several ecologica ...

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Analysis and classification of the modern methods of ecological normalization of anthropogenic load : Russia vs. the West

Hundreds of thousands of organizations have chosen to boost their competitive position by demonstrating compliance to the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System standard. In order for these standards to become credible policy options, they must ensure the capacity to build an industrial morality and to institutionalize responsibility. Relying on a series of in-depth interviews with environmental auditors, this dissertation contributes to a deeper empirical understanding of these regulatory instruments by, first, exploring how the adoption of an EMS promotes self-regulatory capacity and contributes toward effective environmental protection, and second, discussing the limitations of its accountability structure and the threats to the credibility of the standard. This project highlights several misconceptions associated with the role of ISO 14001, and explains why both public and private sectors hold conflicting and inappropriate expectations regarding the certification process. According to the environmental auditors interviewed, the standard has helped thousands of committed organizations to effectively improve their self-regulatory capacity as well as their environmental performance. Yet, organizations with no intrinsic motivation can take advantage of the flexibility granted by the standard and the limitations of the conformity assessment process, to obtain an empty environmental certificate. ISO 14001 is a process standard that can help both ‘environmental leaders and laggards’, but that cannot differentiate organizations based on their level of environmental performance. Because of that, ISO 14001 is increasingly perceived as a socially unacceptable certification system. This project concludes that ISO 14001 is a double edge regulatory instrument that aims both to foster self-regulatory powers, and to act as a market signaling agent. The problem lies in the fact that these two facets of the standard are actually detrimental to each other, perpetuating a cycle that contributes to the discredit of the standard and of the auditing community. In the future, ISO 14001 needs to adjust its non-prescriptive nature and its accountability mechanism, to the character of the organizations seeking certification. In alternative, a new generation of certification programs is emerging, building upon the ISO 14001 standard with an extra layer of requirements, and with a more meaningful role for the environmental auditor.

Labeling Schemes or Labeling Scams? Auditors' Perspectives on ISO 14001 Certification

M anagenlent of the natural environment by businesses has been dominated for nearly 40 years by legal, regulatory, commandand-control approaches. From the Clean Water Act to chemical use and regulation, business owners and managers, including in golf, have addressed environmental issues in prescribed manners answering to federal, state, and even local law. While legal requirements are not going away in the near future, more and more agencies and businesses are gravitating toward a new standard for enhancing environmental management and stewardship, one that emphasizes proactivity and systematic detail. This new focus on Environmental Management Systems is something that is sure to infiltrate the management of golf courses in the years to come. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are rapidly becoming the accepted standard to identify and manage all environmental issues comprehensively for all enterprises ( manufacturing plants, restaurants, businesses, waste treatment facilities, agricultural facilities, golf course facilities, etc.). The EPA's position statement on EMS illustrates this point (USEPA 2007): • EPA will encourage widespread use of EMSs across a range of organizations and settings, with particular emphasis on adoption of EMSs to achieve improved environmental performance and compliance, pollution prevention through source reduction, and continual improvement .... • EPA will promote the voluntary adoption of EMSs. To encourage voluntary adoption of EMSs, EPA will rely on public education and voluntary programs. • This document is EPA's strategy for addressing the question of whether and if so, how it may also be appropriate to consider EMSs in the context of the Federal regulatory structure, either to improve the design of regulatory programs, to encourage the use ofEMSs, or both. EPA wishes to make clear that it has no intention of mandating the use of EMSs in rules and permits. Rather, the aim of this strategy is to determine whether there could be benefits from providing options within the regulatory structure for organizations that choose to adopt an EMS. In addition, this strategy does not signal any intent on the part of the agency to modify its existing policy of promoting the widespread use of EMSs on a voluntary basis. Prior to the EMS concept, management of environmental issues for a facility was issue by issue, but an EMS is: a) a new management approach, b) for the whole system, c) for all environmental issues, and d) for daily environmental management decisions at all management levels within an organization to be the normal practice. As the EMS approach is increasingly adopted by golf courses, it will dramatically impact how management and operations are conducted in all components of a facility. Thus, it is important for course owners, officials, and members to understand it. In a

Environmental management systems

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Environmental management systems