Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993–1998

Maximizing information exchange between complex networks

Mechanical ventilation with high peak airway pressures (Paw) has been shown to induce pulmonary edema in animal experiments, but the relative contributions of transvascular filtration pressure and microvascular permeability are unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of positive-pressure ventilation on two groups of open-chest dogs ventilated for 30 min with a peak Paw of 21.8 +/- 2.3 cm H2O (Low Paw) or 64.3 +/- 3.5 cm H2O (High Paw). No hemodynamic changes were observed in the Low Paw group during ventilation, but mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) increased by 9.9 cm H2O, peak inspiratory Ppa by 24.6 cm H2O, and estimated mean microvascular pressure by 12.5 cm H2O during High Paw ventilation. During the same period, lung lymph flow increased by 435% in the High Paw and 35% in the Low Paw groups, and the terminal extravascular lung water/blood-free dry weight ratios were 5.65 +/- 0.27 and 4.43 +/- 0.13 g/g, respectively, for the two groups. Lung lymph protein clearances and minimal lymph/plasma ratios of total protein were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) after 2 h of increased left atrial pressure (PLA) in the High Paw group versus the Low Paw group, which indicates a significant increase in microvascular permeability. Lymph prostacyclin concentration in pulmonary lymph, measured as the stable metabolite 6-0-PGF1 alpha, was increased significantly by 70 to 150% from baseline (p less than 0.05) in both groups during the periods of increased Paw and increased PLA, but it was not significantly different between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Lung Edema Caused by High Peak Inspiratory Pressures in Dogs: Role of Increased Microvascular Filtration Pressure and Permeability

A review is given on the physical properties of electronic charge carriers (electrons, holes) in non-polar and polar liquids. The results are used to explain or discuss certain electric conduction phenomena, which occur when these liquids are subjected to a high electric field strength. Electronic conduction in ultrapure liquids is finding an increasing number of applications.

Electronic Conduction Processes in Dielectric Liquids

Introduction “The Rot Remains”: From Ruins to Ruination

White City, Black City: Architecture and War in Tel Aviv and Jaffa

The comments of Freeman [J.Chem.Phys. 71,564(1979] on a previous paper by the authors [(J.Chem.Phys. 69,2401(1978)] are considered in this reply. It is contended that the ’semihydrodynamic’ expression in Eq.(2) of the former reference gives the mobility of localized electrons within a factor of two. (AIP)

/pdf/reply-to-a-comment-on-mobility-of-localized-and-quasifree-3zony97bwk.pdf

Reply to a Comment on ''Mobility of localized and quasifree excess electrons in liquid hydrocarbons''

A microscopic theory is developed for the interplay of diffusion and chemical reaction and the results are compared with electrode impedance measurements on an oxide electrode. The theory is based on the ideas of continuous-time random walk and accounts for the interference of diffusion and recombination of the charge carriers in the oxide. The treatment results in a dispersive diffusivity with two time constants, one of them corresponding to the random walk, the other to the reaction. Combining this diffusivity with the Warburg electrode admittance expression, which refers to cases where the rate-limiting step is diffusion in a semi-infinite medium bounded by a plane, an admittance function is obtained. The phase angle is found to be higher than 45° distinguishing it from the Gerischer impedance which was developed for a related problem. The oxides were produced by hydrothermal oxidation of Zr–l%Nb alloy, a metal used as cladding material for nuclear fuel elements. The electrode impedance spectra of Zr/Z...

Continuous-time random-walk theory of interfering diffusion and chemical reaction with an application to electrochemical impedance spectra of oxidized Zr–1%Nb

The effect of mechanical stress, σ, on electrode potential, E, was studied under zero current conditions. Silver
 wires in contact with AgNO3 solutions were exposed to tensile stress and the variation of the potential was measured in a two-electrode cell. The change in the steady state, ΔE, was found to be proportional to σ
 whereas the time dependence, E(t), could be reasonably described by an exponential function. The ΔE s. σ
 functions were understood in terms of the electrostatics of the double layer enabling one to evaluate the stress
 dependence of the potential of zero charge,
 (∂E0/∂σ) = 25.6 ± 1 μV MPa−1; this experimental value is supported by a theoretical estimation.

The effect of mechanical stress on the potential of the Ag/Ag+ electrode

The theory of charge percolation, originally developed for inhomogeneous mixtures of metals, is transformed to describe mobility of electrons and holes in homogeneous liquid mixtures. Systems in which the energies of the charge carriers are independent of composition are expected to obey the predictions of this formalism. Here concentration fluctuations act as microscopic inhomogeneities. As examples, hole mobility in trans‐decaline–cyclohexane, and electron mobility in hexafluorobenzene–benzene and in n‐hexane–ethanol mixtures are treated. The number of molecules interacting with a charge carrier appears as an important parameter. Mobility versus concentration curves are calculated in the entire concentration range and are in good agreement with observations. Finally a method is proposed for estimating electron mobility in hexafluorobenzene.

Percolation model of electron and hole mobility in liquid mixtures

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