Using footage from body-worn cameras, we analyze the respectfulness of police officer language toward white and black community members during routine traffic stops. We develop computational linguistic methods that extract levels of respect automatically from transcripts, informed by a thin-slicing study of participant ratings of officer utterances. We find that officers speak with consistently less respect toward black versus white community members, even after controlling for the race of the officer, the severity of the infraction, the location of the stop, and the outcome of the stop. Such disparities in common, everyday interactions between police and the communities they serve have important implications for procedural justice and the building of police-community trust.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/25/6521.full.pdf

Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect.

Relational work and impoliteness: negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour

This paper provides some (more) insights into cross-cultural variation in speech act realization by analyzing English, German, Polish and Russian requests. It aims to shows that the relationship between indirectness and politeness is interpreted differently across cultures. Hence, the analysis focuses on the difference between direct requests, which have been said to play a central role in Polish and Russian, and conventionally indirect requests, which are the most frequent request type in English and German. It further shows that the examined languages exhibit culture-specific preferences for syntactic and lexical downgraders modifying the illocutionary force of the request and, thus, reducing the threat to the hearer’s face. The requests analyzed in this study have been elicited by means of a discourse completion task and constitute responses to a scenario frequently used in previous request studies, so that the results can be compared with those established for other languages. The strong agreement among languages on the use of conventional indirectness in this scenario allows for testing the restricted applicability of interrogative constructions claimed for the two Slavic languages.

/pdf/politeness-and-in-directness-across-cultures-a-comparison-of-19suwswury.pdf

Politeness and in-directness across cultures: A comparison of English, German, Polish and Russian requests

The effect of instruction and feedback in the development of pragmatic competence

Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning: An Introduction.-What is an 'Intercultural Speaker'?.- Linguistic unity and cultural diversity in Europe: Implications for research on English language and learning.- Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching.- Dealing with intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language classroom.- A role for English as lingua franca in the foreign language classroom?.- Writing-to-learn in instructed language learning contexts.- The acquisition of pragmatic competence and multilingualism in foreign language contexts.- Interindividual variation in self-perceived oral proficiency of English L2 users.- Pragmatic production of third language learners. A focus on request external modification items.- North Korean schools in Japan: An observation of quasi-native heritage language use in teaching English as a third language.- Examining mitigation in requests: A focus on transcripts in ELT coursebooks.- The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: focusing on modifiers.- Analysing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed language contexts.

Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning

When asked by a group of toying aristocrats whether he has an opinion about certain events in world politics, Stevens, the British butler of Kazuo Ishiguro's award-winning novel, The remains of the day, replies to one of the gentlemen in the group, “I'm very sorry, sir; but I am unable to be of assistance on this matter” (p. 195). It is the kind of indirect apology that Rosina Marquez Reiter would find delicious and perfect proof of her working thesis that British speakers (especially when compared with Uruguayan speakers) try to maintain “face” as much as possible while at the same time trying to mitigate potential threats that might arise between speakers.

LINGUISTIC POLITENESS IN BRITAIN AND URUGUAY: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF REQUESTS AND APOLOGIES. Rosina Marquez Reiter. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. Pp. xviii + 225. $95.00 cloth.

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LINGUISTIC POLITENESS IN BRITAIN AND URUGUAY: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF REQUESTS AND APOLOGIES. Rosina Marquez Reiter. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. Pp. xviii + 225. $95.00 cloth.