Idioms and mental imagery: the metaphorical motivation for idiomatic meaning.

Bizarre imagery as an effective memory aid: The importance of distinctiveness.

This book presents the latest work in the area of naturalistic decision making (NDM) and its extension into the area of macrocognition. It contains 18 chapters relating research centered on the study of expertise in naturalistic settings, written by international experts in NDM and cognitive systems engineering. The objective of the book is to present the reader with exciting new developments in this field of research, which is characterized by its application-oriented focus. The work addresses only real-world problems and issues. For instance, how do multi-national teams collaborate effectively? How can surgeons best be supported by technology? How do detectives make sense of complex criminal cases? In all instances the studies have been carried out on experts within their respective domains. The traditional field of NDM is extended in this work by focusing on macrocognitive functions other than decision making, namely sense-making, coordination and planning. This has broadened the scope of the field. The book also contains a theoretical discussion of the macro-micro distinction. Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition will be relevant to graduate students, researchers and professionals (including professionals and researchers in business, industry and government) who are interested in decision making, expertise, training methods and system design. The material may be used in two ways: theoretically, to advance understanding of the field of naturalistic decision making; and practically, to gain insight into how experts in various domains solve particular problems, understand and deal with issues and collaborate with others. © Jan Maarten Schraagen, Laura G. Militello, Tom Ormerod and Raanan Lipshitz 2008. All rights reserved.

Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition

Metaphoric comprehension: Studies in reminding and resembling ☆

In mixed lists, stable free recall advantages are observed for encoding conditions that are unusual, bizarre, or attract extensive individual item elaboration relative to more common encoding conditions; but this recall advantage is often eliminated or reversed in pure lists. We attempt to explain this ubiquitous memory puzzle with an item-order account that assumes that (1) free recall of unrelated lists depends on order and item information; (2) unusual items attract greater individual item-processing but disrupt order encoding regardless of list composition; and (3) list composition determines differences in order encoding across unusual and common items. We show that the item-order account provides a unifying explanation of five memory phenomena for which the requisite data exist. The account also successfully anticipates pure-list reversals, in which the standard mixed-list recall pattern is obtained in pure, structured lists, a finding that competing accounts cannot handle. Extending the item-order account to other “established” recall phenomena may prove fruitful.

Instability in memory phenomena: a common puzzle and a unifying explanation.

A positive replication of Wollen, Weber, and Lowry (1972) demonstrating that interactiveness appears to be more important than bizarreness in imaginal mnemonic learning is reported.

/pdf/bizarreness-as-a-nonessential-variable-in-mnemonic-imagery-a-461teymxeo.pdf

Bizarreness as a nonessential variable in mnemonic imagery: A confirmation

The idea that people can encode and use an extremely abstract and general form of a complex linguistic (proverb) input—a conceptual base—was examined in two experiments In Experiment I, each proverb was accompanied by either a conceptually related (good, mediocre, or poor) or an unrelated interpretation The related interpretations were more effective recall prompts than were the unrelated interpretations, but only for high-imagery proverbs In Experiment II, subjects wrote interpretations of the proverbs and then received either the proverb subject-noun or a brief story as a prompt As was the case for the interpretations in Experiment I, the stories did not share any major vocabulary or propositional structure with their proverb source Nonetheless, the stories were as effective as the nouns Also, quality of proverb interpretation and of recall performance were positively related, with the correlations involving low-imagery proverbs, and stories, tending to be higher Both experiments provided support for the conceptual-base notion, and underlined the importance of interpretive context, but more definitive evidence is needed

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FBF03212934.pdf

Semantic memory for metaphor: The conceptual base hypothesis

On Metaphors, Myths, and Mind

This article reports an experiment and some observations on synonymy between sentences. The rationale derives from experimental evidence for the existence of a nonverbal, abstract semantic memory, and for the mutual deducibility of two synonymous sentences. In the first phase of the experiment, subjects ranked interpretations of proverbs in terms of their semantic distance from their proverb bases. In the second phase, different groups of subjects ranked proverbs, including the phase 1 original proverbs and some foils, in terms of their semantic distance from the interpretations. The results indicate that two synonymous sentences tend to be given similar rankings, linearly related, and that subjects are highly consensual in their rankings. It is argued that a deep structure account cannot explain the results and that, furthermore, available linguistic and psychological theories of meaning are likewise insufficient. Synonymy is discussed in terms of an event or operation which serves to restrict interpretation.

The Bidirectionality of Judgments of Synonymy

This study is an exploration of the semantics and syntax of a large corpus of interpretations of anomalous sentences. The anomalies were lines of poetry taken from e. e. cummings and represented a range of combinations of violations of linguistic rules. According to predominant theory, anomalies are comprehended by reduction to literal grammatical paraphrases. As in earlier studies using anomalies, the present one found that the interpretations tend to be grammatically more well-formed than their source anomalies. However, semantic analysis of the interpretations revealed that anomalies are understood primarily by reliance on semantic creativity, world knowledge, and metaphor, contrary to the reduction theory.

She Laughed His Joy and She Cried His Grief: Psycholinguistic Theory and Anomaly

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