A cooking utensil with improved heat retention includes an inner pot received within an outer pot and separated in a closely spaced-apart relationship to form a volume or chamber therebetween The chamber is evacuated and sealed with foil leaves at the upper edges of the inner and outer pot The vacuum created between the inner and outer pot, along with the minimum of thermal contact between the inner and outer pot, and the reduced radiative heat transfer due to low emissivity coatings on the inner and outer pot, provide for a highly insulated cooking utensil Any combination of a plurality of mechanisms for selectively disabling and re-enabling the insulating properties of the pot are provided within the chamber These mechanisms may include: a hydrogen gas producing and reabsorbing device such as a metal hydride, a plurality of metal contacts which can be adjusted to bridge the gap between the inner and outer pot, and a plurality of bimetallic switches which can selectively bridge the gap between the inner and outer pot In addition, phase change materials with superior heat retention characteristics may be provided within the cooking utensil Further, automatic and programmable control of the cooking utensil can be provided through a microprocessor and associated hardware for controlling the vacuum disable/enable mechanisms to automatically cook and save food

Cooking utensil with improved heat retention

The invention provides an optical display device, utilizing a thermo-optical effect to inscribe a transmitted image in a layer of a material exhibiting a smectic state. Recording of the image with a full range of half tones without modulation of the recording beam and quick erasure of the recorded image without reheating of the film can be obtained by directly applying, simultaneously to the whole of the film either the video signal or an erasure voltage of suitable values. By associating this display device to a projection device utilizing a very bright source, the image thus recorded can be projected onto a large screen or a photosensitive substrate. The invention also describes a color images teleprojection and telereproduction device, in which three distinct chrominance images are recorded in a smectic layer as above described and simultaneously illuminated with white light; the three beams thus obtained are filtered for respectively selecting in each of them the spectral band corresponding to the chrominance of the image and superimposed in a single beam by a reflecting system. An objective lens supplied with a diaphragm in its image focal plane receives this single beam and projects the reconstituted colour image onto a screen or a photo-sensitive layer.

Erasable thermo-optic storage display of a transmitted color image

An optical information storage material having a transparent base and a film deposited on the base, the state of which can be changed between a low optical density state and a high optical density state by the application of electrical, optical or thermal energy. The film is a tellurium oxide having the composition TeOx1 in which 0<x1<2.0, or a mixture of such a tellurium oxide and vanadium oxide for making it easier to change the state of the film material, or tellurium oxide and lead oxide for increasing the sensitivity of the film. The material is made by vacuum evaporating and depositing the tellurium oxide or the mixture of tellurium oxide with the vanadium or lead oxide from TeO2 or a solid solution of TeO2 and lead or vanadium oxide.

Optical information storage material and method of making it

A method for making vanadium dioxide (V 2 or V 2 O 4 ) powders from vanadyl sulfate without using SO 2 gas, comprises evaporative decomposition of a vanadyl sulfate hydrate spray, entrained in a nitrogen atmosphere at O 2 partial pressures that would normally predict V 2 O 5 V 2 O 3 . The yield of VO 2 (also identified as V 2 O 4 ) is substantially improved, and occurs at lower temperatures, by the addition of hydrogen gas into the atmosphere. Surprisingly, there is no production of V 2 O 3 . Minor amounts of a suitable dopant salt dissolved in the spray provide improved low transition temperature powders.

Method for making vanadium dioxide powders

The emittance value is a measure of an amount of energy expelled from a given surface area relative to a black-body reference. Depending on the specific coating a change in the emittance value is actively or passively effected. There are known active variable emittance thermal control coatings. However, such coatings are actually panels housing a mixture of both high and low emissivity materials that are electrically manipulated to control the emittance value of the panel. These “coatings” are classified as either electrochromic or electrophorectic. Both electrochromic and electrophorectic coatings require an applied voltage to cause a change in the emittance value of the coating. By contrast, aspects of the present invention do not include active variable emittance thermal control coatings. Aspects of the present invention do include passive variable emittance thermal control coatings and materials. In accordance with aspects of the present invention “passive” means that the variable emittance value changes in response to changes in the environment without active control (e.g. neither a voltage nor a current is applied). More specifically, in accordance with one aspect of the invention a passive variable emittance thermochromic material is provided that has a relatively low emittance value at low temperatures and a relatively high emittance value at high temperatures.

Variable emittance thermochromic material and satellite system

Thermochromic display device

A PASSIVE THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AN ENCLOSURE SUCH AS A SPACECRAFT OR AN ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE COMPRISING A SURFACE COATING OF A MATERIAL, SUCH AS VANADIUM DIOXIDE, THAT EXHIBITS A THERMALLY INDUCED CHANGE IN RADIATION TRANSMISSIVITY AT A PREDETERMINED TEMPERATURE. D R A W I N G

Thermal control of spacecraft and the like

Methods for obtaining vanadium suboxide of the general formula VOx, wherein x is comprised between 1.5 and 2.02, consisting in heating vanadium pentoxide, contained in an inert boat, in a reduced atmosphere in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of vanadium pentoxide or, alternately, in continuously evacuating the atmosphere of the vessel in which the boat is placed, and recovering the vanadium suboxide in a bulk or crystalline form remaining in the boat.

Processes for obtaining vanadium suboxides

VANADIUM DIOXIDE PROVIDED WITH A SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLEX DOMAIN STRUCTURE AND EXHIBITING A SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED THERMAL HYSTERESIS OF ITS NORMAL RANGE OF TRANSITION TEMPERATURE. THE HIGH HYSTERESIS VANADIUM DIOXIDE IS OBTAINED BY REDUCING THE NORMAL OXYGEN CONTENT OF VANADIUM DIOXIDE BELOW STOICHIOMETRIC PROPORTION OR, ALTERNATELY, BY DOPING THE VANADIUM DIOXIDE WITH AN APPROPRIATE ISOMORPHIC METAL OXIDE.

High thermal hysteresis vanadium dioxide

Processes of preparing vanadium suboxide coatings

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