https://e-lactancia.org/media/papers/ComposicionBF-PedCliMA2013.pdf

Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors

Breastfed infants have lower morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea than those fed artificially. This had been attributed primarily to the secretory antibodies and prebiotic factors in human milk. Oligosaccharides are the third largest component of human milk. They were initially considered to be functionless by-products of glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis during milk production. However, in the past few decades it has become apparent that the human milk oligosaccharides are composed of thousands of components, at least some of which protect against pathogens. Oligosaccharide protection against infectious agents may result in part from their prebiotic characteristics, but is thought to be primarily due to their inhibition of pathogen binding to host cell ligands. Most human milk oligosaccharides are fucosylated, and their production depends on enzymes encoded by the genes associated with expression of the Lewis blood group system. The expression of specific fucosylated oligosaccharides in milk thus varies in relation to maternal Lewis blood group type, and is significantly associated with the risk of infectious disease in breastfed infants. Specific fucosylated moieties of oligosaccharides and related glycoconjugates (glycans) are able to inhibit binding and disease by specific pathogens. This review presents the argument that specific glycans, especially the oligosaccharides, are the major constituent of an innate immune system of human milk whereby the mother protects her infant from enteric and other pathogens through breastfeeding. The large input of energy expended by the mother in the synthesis of milk oligosaccharides is consistent with the human reproductive strategy of large parental input into rearing relatively few offspring through a prolonged period of maturation. These protective glycans may prove useful as a basis for the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic agents that inhibit diseases caused by mucosal pathogens.

Human milk glycans protect infants against enteric pathogens

Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants.

Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial

A review and proposed nomenclature for major proteins of the milk-fat globule membrane.

Role of human-milk lactadherin in protection against symptomatic rotavirus infection

This Phase I trial explores the use of high-dose 90 Y conjugated to the antibreast cancer monoclonal antibody BrE-3 and autologous hematologic cell support in the treatment of women with stage four breast cancer. Nine women with heavily pretreated disease were enrolled. All of the patients had BrE-3-positive tumors by immunostaining and were treated with increasing doses of 90 Y (15 mCi/m 2 , 3 patients), 20 mCi/M 2 (six patients), and a fixed (50 mg) dose of BrE-3. 111 In-labeled BrE-3 (5 mCi) was given simultaneously for scanning purposes. The only toxicity noted was hematological. Grade 4 platelet toxicity requiring transfusion support occurred in four patients. Grade 4 WBC toxicity was seen in two patients that resolved in 3–9 days. All hematological nadirs occurred approximately 25 days after treatment. Objective partial responses were noted in 4 of 8 (50%) patients with measurable tumors. Dose escalation is ongoing.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/55/23_Supplement/5921s.full.pdf

High-Dose 90Y Mx-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA)-BrE-3 and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Support (AHSCS) for the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer: A Phase I Trial

A method is described for measuring the rate of phenotypic variability in normal and neoplastic breast epithelial cells. Three groups of normal human mammary epithelial cells were studied, two derived from reduction mammoplasties and one derived from the normal breast tissue of a patient with fibroadenoma. The breast carcinoma cells were all cell lines, four (MCF-7, SKBR-3, MDA-MB-157, and T47D) derived from pleural effusions of patients with breast cancer, and one (BT-20) derived from a primary breast tumor. The heterogeneity and variability in expression of a cell surface glycoprotein with apparent molecular weight of 400,000 were studied at the single-cell level with immunoperoxidase techniques using a specific monoclonal antibody, BLMRL-HMFG-Mc5, to a nonpenetrating glycoprotein. The rate of appearance of quantitative variants in expression of this specific surface antigen (rate of phenotypic variability) was determined in clonal colonies and was found to be severalfold higher in all five breast carcinoma cell lines (mean, 2.23 X 10(-2)/cell/generation) than in the normal breast epithelial cells (mean, 0.36 X 10(-2)/cell/generation). In addition, a considerable quantitative variation in expression of this surface antigen was demonstrated among the cells of each population in both normal and neoplastic breast cells which spread over an 8- to 10-fold range. Furthermore, the quantitative distribution among single cells was not random, for the cells tended to cluster around values that fit a geometric series.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/43/9/4291.full.pdf

Comparison of rates of phenotypic variability in surface antigen expression in normal and cancerous human breast epithelial cells.

Detection of minimal residual breast cancer in bone marrow.

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Papers

Role of human-milk lactadherin in protection against symptomatic rotavirus infection

High-Dose 90Y Mx-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA)-BrE-3 and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Support (AHSCS) for the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer: A Phase I Trial

Comparison of rates of phenotypic variability in surface antigen expression in normal and cancerous human breast epithelial cells.

Detection of minimal residual breast cancer in bone marrow.