Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories

The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis

Leaving home to attend college is an important milestone for college students. However, the transition from home to college can be challenging, especially for students studying abroad. In this article, the authors explore factors that contribute to the academic, cultural, social, and psychological adjustments of international students. Adjustment issues include psychological distress such as homesick, depression, and anxiety. This article seeks to increase the reader’s understanding of some of the issues faced by international students during the process of adjusting to a new collegiate environment. More specifically, the article discusses factors that contribute to adjustment and different phases of cultural adjustment. This article may help the students, educational institutions, and policy makers to provide the resources necessary for a seamless transition for international students to overcome the issues.

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Factors That Contribute to the Adjustment of International Students.

Individual differences in the mere willingness to think analytically has been shown to predict religious disbelief. Recently, however, it has been argued that analytic thinkers are not actually less religious; rather, the putative association may be a result of religiosity typically being measured after analytic thinking (an order effect). In light of this possibility, we report four studies in which a negative correlation between religious belief and performance on analytic thinking measures is found when religious belief is measured in a separate session. We also performed a meta-analysis on all previously published studies on the topic along with our four new studies (N = 15,078, k = 31), focusing specifically on the association between performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test (the most widely used individual difference measure of analytic thinking) and religious belief. This meta-analysis revealed an overall negative correlation (r) of -.18, 95% CI [-.21, -.16]. Although this correlation is modest, self-identified atheists (N = 133) scored 18.7% higher than religiously affiliated individuals (N = 597) on a composite measure of analytic thinking administered across our four new studies (d = .72). Our results indicate that the association between analytic thinking and religious disbelief is not caused by a simple order effect. There is good evidence that atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers.

/pdf/atheists-and-agnostics-are-more-reflective-than-religious-2g7qwn9xxa.pdf

Atheists and Agnostics Are More Reflective than Religious Believers: Four Empirical Studies and a Meta-Analysis.

The current study investigated the psychosocial and cultural predictors of psychological help-seeking based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA: Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) in a sample of 223 adult Latin American immigrants living in Canada. Using path analysis, the results provided empirical support for the TRA, as both help-seeking attitudes and subjective norms were found to influence participants’ help-seeking intentions. Moreover, the re-specified culturally-expanded model showed a good fit to the data and revealed the direct and indirect effects that bi-directional acculturation (Latino and Canadian Cultural orientations), familism, and collective coping had on help-seeking intentions. The results point to the integral roles familism and subjective norms of social referents (e.g., parents, siblings) play in the help-seeking decision process among Latin Americans. Limitations, future research directions and clinical implications are considered and discussed.

/pdf/psychological-help-seeking-among-latin-american-immigrants-3r2eoul5pk.pdf

Psychological Help-Seeking among Latin American Immigrants in Canada: Testing a Culturally-Expanded Model of the Theory of Reasoned Action Using Path Analysis

In the second half of the twentieth century social critics observed that western societies were undergoing a seemingly unhealthy and pervasive trend: Real heroes were being replaced by celebrities--persons whose achievements amounted to little more than being able to sing, dance, and appear more photogenic than most (Boorstin, 1961; Fishwick, 1969). This trend continues, promoted first by radio and moving pictures, then by television and more modern technology. More recently, critics have decried a deliberate attempt on the part of television executives to create an entire society of celebrity worshipers, people who would follow the potentially harmful, uninformed advice sometimes offered by these dubious heroes, especially if it increased the sale of sponsored products (Bogart, 1980; Schickel, 1985). The development and publication of the Celebrity Worship Scale (CWS) triggered a modest amount of research aimed at determining the attitudes, traits and behaviors of those who "worshiped" at least one celebrity (McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran, 2002). A factor analysis revealed three factors consisting of 23 items. This revision of the CWS became known as the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS; Maltby, Houran, Lange, Ashe, & McCutcheon, 2002; Maltby, McCutcheon, Ashe, & Houran, 2001). The first factor or subscale was labeled "Entertainment-social (ES)," because its ten items implied that some persons are attracted to celebrities because they have entertainment value and they provide opportunities for conversation. Factor or subscale two was named the "Intense-personal (IP)" subscale because its nine items reflect a deeper, more intense involvement with one's favorite celebrity. Factor or subscale three, "Borderline-pathological, (Path)" consists of four items that, if agreed with, imply a problematic, parasocial relationship. Subsequent research has shown that the first factor, ES, is relatively benign, but those who score high on subscales two and three (IP and Path) are likely to exhibit attitudes and behaviors that are problematic. For example, Maltby, Giles, Barber and McCutcheon (2005) found that female adolescents who scored high on CAS IP (but not ES) tended to have a poor body image. Maltby, Day, McCutcheon, Houran and Ashe (2005) found that celebrity worship for Intense-personal reasons was correlated with fantasy proneness, and celebrity worship for Borderline-pathological reasons was linked to both fantasy proneness and dissociation. Maltby, Houran and McCutcheon (2003) found positive relationships between celebrity worship for Entertainment-social reasons and extraversion, one of the three dimensions of Eysenck's personality model (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975). However, IP scores correlated positively with Eysenck's neuroticism traits, and Path scores correlated with Eysenckian psychoticism traits (Maltby, et al.). A study of coping with stress, general health and life satisfaction led to the conclusion that poor mental health was associated with high scores on CAS IP (Maltby, Day, McCutcheon, Gillett, Houran, & Ashe, 2004). In addition to finding that high CAS IP scores and high CAS Path scores predicted both depressive symptoms and higher anxiety, Maltby, McCutcheon, Ashe, and Houran (2001) also found an association between CAS ES and depressive symptoms. The five-factor trait approach to the study of personality represents a modern synthesis of some of the most important traits commonly used to describe human beings (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The five-factor model and the scales based on it are "well-established and widely used" (Batey, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, 2009, p. 62). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) measures the five-factor model of personality through five main domains (italicized), each subdivided into six facets or subscales (in brackets): (1) Neuroticism (Anxiety, Angry Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, Impulsiveness and Vulnerability), (2) Extraversion (Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, and Positive Emotions), (3) Openness (Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas and Values), (4) Agreeableness (Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty and Tender-Mindedness), and (5) Conscientiousness (Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement Striving, Self-discipline and Deliberation). …

Brief Report: Celebrity Worshipers and the Five-Factor Model of Personality

Parental overprotection in Asian American children: A psychodynamic clinical perspective.

A sample of 201 college students were surveyed with respect to their perceptions of severity and willingness to seek psychological help for drug and alcohol problems. Results indicated that students perceive alcohol problems as significantly less serious than drug problems and are significantly less willing to seek help for alcohol problems. Males perceived drug and alcohol problems as significantly less serious than females. Results also show significant gender differences in the factors of interference in the student's life that would motivate them to seek help for drug and alcohol problems with women perceiving alcohol problems as significantly more likely to interfere with a student's daily routine and education. Women were also significantly more willing to get help for an alcohol problem. Introduction Studies indicate that somewhere between 10% and 25% of college students engage in heavy or problem drinking, 8% of 18 year olds meet the criteria for marihuana dependence, and the incidence of the use of other illicit drugs by college students is distressingly high and on the rise (Bennett, McCrady, Keller & Paulus, 1996; Latimer, Kilmer, & Lee, 2005). Shillington & Clapp (2006) found that alcohol and drug problems accounted for a significant percentage of students missing classes, performing poorly in school, and engaging in verbal fights. Yet in spite of the widespread prevalence of alcohol and drug problems among college youth and the negative impact that these problems have on students, there is a severe underutilization of counseling services by college students for mental health problems including drug and alcohol problems (Eisenberg, Hunt, Speer, & Zivin, 2011); if fact, it is estimated that less than half of all students who need mental health services actually receive it (Heppner, Kivlighan, Good, Roehlke, Hills, & Ashby, 1994; Oliver, Reed, Katz, & Haugh, 1999). Oliver, Reed, Katz, & Haugh (1999) noted that students who abused alcohol were more unlikely than those with other mental health issues to seek help for their problem from either professional counselors or informal sources of support. There are a large variety of factors that are known to prevent young adults including college students from seeking psychological help for mental health problems including a need for autonomy (Wilson, Bushnell & Caputi, 2010), both social and self-stigma (Wade, Post, Cornish, Vogel, & Tucker, 2011), and lack of knowledge concerning the nature of the emotional problem (Wright, Jorm, Harris, & McGorry, 2007). Recent evidence suggests that problem type and perceptions of problem severity are also highly significant indicators of psychological help-seeking among college students (Wright, Jorm, Harris, & McGorry, 2007; Wollersheim, McFall, Hamilton, Hickey, & Bordewick, 1980) Yet, there have been relatively few studies on the effects of problem type and problem severity on psychological help-seeking among college students (Hsu & Alden, 2008; Mosher, 2002; Wollersheim et. al, 1980) and perhaps even fewer studies on help-seeking among college students for alcohol problems (Oliver, Reed, Katz, & Haugh, 1999; Vogel, Wester, & Wei, 2005). Moreover, there is little or no literature comparing students' perceptions of problem severity and willingness for psychological help-seeking for drug versus alcohol problems. In fact, the few articles on the topic that this researcher was able to find assume that drug and alcohol problems are perceived as similar among college student populations even though there is little or no evidence to suggest that this it so (Oliver, Reed, Katz, & Haugh, 1999; Vogel, Wester, & Wei, 2005). In examining differences based on problem type and severity, there is also some reason to believe that men and women might differ on their beliefs about the severity of psychological problems as well as their willingness to seek help for those problems; for example, women are more likely than men to seek psychological help in college populations (Nam, Chu, Lee, Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2010). …

College Students' Perceptions of Severity and Willingness to Seek Psychological Help For Drug and Alcohol Problems.

This exploratory study examined white undergraduate students’ (a) racial attitudes towards Asian Americans, (b) principled policy attitudes toward affirmative action, and (c) self-interest in relation to their support for college-based affirmative action policies for Asian Americans at a Midwestern university. A sample (n = 264, 28% male, 72% female) of white undergraduate students from a mid-sized public university in the Midwest was surveyed. The findings indicate that white undergraduate women have significantly more favorable principled policy attitudes toward affirmative action in general and for an affirmative action college policy for Asians, in particular, than do undergraduate males. Implications for issues of equity and social justice are shared.

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An Exploratory Study of Undergraduates’ Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Policies for Asian Americans in College

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