Deficits in daytime performance due to sleep loss are experienced universally and associated with a significant social, financial, and human cost. Microsleeps, sleep attacks, and lapses in cognition increase with sleep loss as a function of state instability. Sleep deprivation studies repeatedly show a variable (negative) impact on mood, cognitive performance, and motor function due to an increasing sleep propensity and destabilization of the wake state. Specific neurocognitive domains including executive attention, working memory, and divergent higher cognitive functions are particularly vulnerable to sleep loss. In humans, functional metabolic and neurophysiological studies demonstrate that neural systems involved in executive function (i.e., prefrontal cortex) are more susceptible to sleep deprivation in some individuals than others. Recent chronic partial sleep deprivation experiments, which more closely replicate sleep loss in society, demonstrate that profound neurocognitive deficits accumulate over time in the face of subjective adaptation to the sensation of sleepiness. Sleep deprivation associated with disease-related sleep fragmentation (i.e., sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome) also results in neurocognitive performance decrements similar to those seen in sleep restriction studies. Performance deficits associated with sleep disorders are often viewed as a simple function of disease severity; however, recent experiments suggest that individual vulnerability to sleep loss may play a more critical role than previously thought.

/pdf/neurocognitive-consequences-of-sleep-deprivation-hg8oxdvlng.pdf

Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

Extended time-to-collision measures for road traffic safety assessment.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society recently released a Consensus Statement regarding the recommended amount of sleep to promote optimal health in adults. This paper describes the methodology, background literature, voting process, and voting results for the consensus statement. In addition, we address important assumptions and challenges encountered during the consensus process. Finally, we outline future directions that will advance our understanding of sleep need and place sleep duration in the broader context of sleep health.

Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: Methodology and discussion

Most measures of depression severity are based on the number of reported symptoms, and threshold scores are often used to classify individuals as healthy or depressed. This method – and research results based on it – are valid if depression is a single condition, and all symptoms are equally good severity indicators. Here, we review a host of studies documenting that specific depressive symptoms like sad mood, insomnia, concentration problems, and suicidal ideation are distinct phenomena that differ from each other in important dimensions such as underlying biology, impact on impairment, and risk factors. Furthermore, specific life events predict increases in particular depression symptoms, and there is evidence for direct causal links among symptoms. We suggest that the pervasive use of sum-scores to estimate depression severity has obfuscated crucial insights and contributed to the lack of progress in key research areas such as identifying biomarkers and more efficacious antidepressants. The analysis of individual symptoms and their causal associations offers a way forward. We offer specific suggestions with practical implications for future research.

/pdf/depression-sum-scores-don-t-add-up-why-analyzing-specific-ynwb894xqv.pdf

Depression sum-scores don’t add up: why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential

pdf/the-link-between-fatigue-and-safety-iiem5w9amk.pdf

The link between fatigue and safety

In the context of emergency warnings, auditory icons, which convey information about system events by analogy with everyday events, have the potential to be understood more quickly and easily than abstract sounds. To test this proposal, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of auditory icons for an in-vehicle collision avoidance application. Two icons, the sounds of a car horn and of skidding tyres, were compared with two conventional warnings, a simple tone and a voice saying 'ahead'. Participants sat in an experimental vehicle with a road scene projected ahead, and they were required to brake in response to on-screen collision situations and their accompanying warning sounds. The auditory icons produced significantly faster reaction times than the conventional warnings, but suffered from more inappropriate responses, where drivers reacted with a brake press to a non-collision situation. The findings are explained relative to the perceived urgency and inherent meaning of each sound. It is argued that optimal warnings could be achieved by adjusting certain sound attributes of auditory icons, as part of a structured, user-centred design and evaluation procedure.

Use of auditory icons as emergency warnings: evaluation within a vehicle collision avoidance application.

Despite the success and widespread use of Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), a significant proportion of bank customers can not or will not use them, or experience difficulties in their interactions. Speech technology has been suggested as a means by which non-users might be encouraged to use ATMs, while simultaneously improving usability for all. The potential advantages of speech interfaces include hands-free and eyes-free use for physically- and visuallyimpaired users, and improved ease and speed of use through increased ‘naturalness’ of the interaction. This study investigated user attitudes to the concepts of a speech-based ATM, via large-scale survey and a series of focus groups. Objective performance was also considered in user trials with a prototype speech-driven ATM. The idea of using speech for ATM transactions led to a number of concerns. Privacy (the concern over one's personal financial details being overheard) and security (the fear of potential attackers hearing the user withdraw cash) were...

Speech technology for automatic teller machines: an investigation of user attitude and performance

This paper reports on a study in which a road-based experiment was carried out to examine both the assimilation process and the retention of information over time. Measures of recall performance and eye glance behavior were used to assess three factors associated with the design of driver information systems: the length of messages, the timing of messages, and driver age. With this last point in mind, the study compared the performances of two age groups of drivers using the system.

An evaluation of the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain in-vehicle traffic messages

The provision of weather, road and traffic information to drivers via an in-vehicle system has potential benefits for both journey efficiency and traffic safety. However, the successful implementation of such systems relies on the ability of drivers to assimilate, retain and act upon the information received. A road-based experiment investigated the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain visually-displayed travel and traffic messages whilst driving on a busy UK motorway. Subjects were presented with messages and, either 1, 2 or 3 minutes after each message, were asked a simple question about the displayed information. Their eye glance behaviour was logged, and a post-drive questionnaire administered. It was found that retention performance was affected by the length of message and the retention interval, while eye glance behaviour changed with the type of message. The findings have been used to indicate acceptable message lengths and formats for in-vehicle information, and also to provide an indication of when messages should be displayed in relation to motorway traffic and weather events. >

An experimental study into the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain in-vehicle traffic information

Previous research has found that using manually-operated mobile phones while driving significantly increases the risk of a collision. It has been suggested that automatic speech recognition (ASR) interfaces may reduce the interference between the tasks of phoning and driving. A laboratory experiment was designed to examine this hypothesis, and also to investigate the optimal design for in-car ASR systems. Forty-eight participants dialled phone numbers from memory while carrying out a concurrent tracking task. Tracking performance was found to be adversely affected while using a manual phone. This effect was significantly reduced, although not eliminated, with a speech phone. Participants also perceived the mental workload of manual dialling while driving to be greater than speech dialling. A system of audio feedback was found to be marginally preferable to combined audio plus visual feedback. The recognition accuracy of the ASR device did not appear to have any significant bearing on driving performance nor acceptance. The results are encouraging for the use of speech interfaces in the car for phone and other functions.

The use of automatic speech recognition to reduce the interference between concurrent tasks of driving and phoning.

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