Saliva in health and disease: an appraisal and update.

Objective: To identify drugs associated with the complaint of dry mouth.

Materials and Methods: MEDLINE was searched for papers 1980–2002 using keywords, oral, mouth, salivary, drugs, dry mouth and xerostomia, and relevant secondary references were hand-searched.

Results: Evidence was forthcoming for a number of xerogenic drugs, especially antimuscarinic agents, some sympathomimetic agents, and agents affecting serotonin and noradrenaline uptake, as well as a miscellany of other drugs such as appetite suppressants, protease inhibitors and cytokines.

Conclusion: Dry mouth has a variety of possible causes but drugs – especially those with anticholinergic activity against the M3 muscarinic receptor – are the most common cause of reduced salivation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.03967.x

Drug effects on salivary glands: dry mouth

Saliva is essential for the preservation of oral-pharyngeal health, and disorders of salivary physiology are associated with numerous oral and pharyngeal problems, particularly in older people. Although salivary function is remarkably intact in healthy aging, medical problems, medications, and head and neck radiotherapy can cause salivary dysfunction and complaints of xerostomia among older people. Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune exocrinopathy, is the most common medical disease associated with salivary dysfunction. Medications with anticholinergic side effects will impair salivary output, and head and neck radiotherapy for cancer will cause permanent destruction of salivary glands. Treatments for salivary problems are based upon establishing a diagnosis, protecting oral and pharyngeal health, stimulating remaining glands, and replacing lost salivary fluids.

Xerostomia and the geriatric patient

Xerostomia (dry mouth) is an uncomfortable and potentially harmful oral symptom which is usually caused by a decrease in the secretion rate of saliva (salivary gland hypofunction, or SGH). It is more prevalent in the elderly population, primarily due to their increased use of drugs and their susceptibility to disease. Many drugs and drug classes have been linked to xerostomia; the xerogenic effect increases when many drugs are taken concurrently. This Reference Guide to Drugs and Dry Mouth is designed to allow the reader to rapidly identify those pharmacologic agents which have the capacity to induce xerostomia and SGH. Xerogenic drugs can be found in 42 drug categories and 56 sub-categories. A guide to the management of drug-induced SGH and xerostomia is also provided.

A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth – 2nd edition

Saliva plays an important protective role in the oral environment, and reductions in saliva quantity are known to increase the risk of oral diseases. Importantly, xerostomia or the perception of a dry mouth is now being recognized as an important risk factor for dental diseases. Furthermore, the subjective sensation of a dry mouth is a debilitating condition in itself that impacts on the quality of life of sufferers. With approximately 1 in 5 people reporting some form of dry mouth, and an increasing prevalence in the elderly, it is important for clinicians to have a thorough understanding of this problem. The aim of this paper is to review some of the literature relating to xerostomia in order to provide an evidence based update for clinicians.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01229.x

Xerostomia: an update for clinicians.

Oral side-effects and their respective prevalence rates for the 200 most frequently prescribed drugs for 1992, as measured by IMS America's National Prescription Audit is reviewed. Accounting for duplication due to brand and generic name listings, the actual number of different medications covered was 131. The results of this review are presented in a table and include the oral side-effects and prevalences as reported in the literature. The three most frequent side-effects encountered with these medications were xerostomia (80.5%), dysgeusia (47.5%), and stomatitis (33.9%). The included table should fill the need for a ready reference for dentists in monitoring and counseling patients regarding the potential oral side-effects of the medications.

Oral side‐effects of the most frequently prescribed drugs

Oral problems and genetic aspects of individuals with epilepsy.

In this study, eight institutionalized males received a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate spray twice daily. A second group of eight males received a placebo spray in the same manner. The results indicated that pump-administered chlorhexidine spray can effectively reduce plaque and gingivitis in patients with mental retardation who are unable to brush their own teeth.

Effects of chlorhexidine spray on plaque and gingival health in institutionalized persons with mental retardation.

Chlorhexidine is beneficial in maintaining the oral health of persons diagnosed with mental retardation Proper daily oral administration, however, depends upon the compliance of caregivers as well as patient acceptance If caregivers are noncompliant or if patients are overly resistant to daily applications of chlorhexidine, its proven benefits will not be realized This study evaluated two methods of chlorhexidine administration for patient acceptance and direct-care staff compliance among 44 institutionalized individuals diagnosed with mental retardation

Administration of chlorhexidine to persons with mental retardation residing in an institution: Patient acceptance and staff compliance

(1948). A Preliminary Investigation of Color Discrimination in the Florida Cricket Frog, Acris Gryllus Dorsalis (Harlan). The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 171-183.

A preliminary investigation of color discrimination in the Florida cricket frog. Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan).

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