Soybean is one of the important food, feed, and biofuel crops in the world. Soybean genome modification by genetic transformation has been carried out for trait improvement for more than 4 decades. However, compared to other major crops such as rice, soybean is still recalcitrant to genetic transformation, and transgenic soybean production has been hampered by limitations such as low transformation efficiency and genotype specificity, and prolonged and tedious protocols. The primary goal in soybean transformation over the last decade is to achieve high efficiency and genotype flexibility. Soybean transformation has been improved by modifying tissue culture conditions such as selection of explant types, adjustment of culture medium components and choice of selection reagents, as well as better understanding the transformation mechanisms of specific approaches such as Agrobacterium infection. Transgenesis-based breeding of soybean varieties with new traits is now possible by development of improved protocols. In this review, we summarize the developments in soybean genetic transformation to date, especially focusing on the progress made using Agrobacterium-mediated methods and biolistic methods over the past decade. We also discuss current challenges and future directions.

/pdf/progress-in-soybean-genetic-transformation-over-the-last-22xw2zm5.pdf

Progress in Soybean Genetic Transformation Over the Last Decade

Qua-Quine Starch (QQS), an Arabidopsis thaliana orphan gene, and its interactor, Arabidopsis Nuclear Factor Y subunit C4 (AtNF-YC4), can increase the total leaf and seed protein in different plants. Despite their potential in developing protein-rich crop varieties, their influence on the protein content of the stem, modified stem, and tuber was never investigated. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most valuable food crops worldwide. This staple food is rich in starch, vitamins (B6, C), phenolics, flavonoids, polyamines, carotenoids, and various minerals but lacks adequate proteins necessary for a healthy human diet. Here we expressed A. thaliana QQS (AtQQS) and overexpressed S. tuberosum NF-YC4 (StNF-YC4) in potatoes to determine their influence on the composition and morphological characteristics of potato tubers. Our data demonstrated higher protein and reduced starch content in potato tubers without significantly compromising the tuber yield, shape, and numbers, when QQS was expressed or StNF-YC4 was overexpressed. Publicly available expression data, promoter region, and protein–protein interaction analyses of StNF-YC4 suggest its potential functionality in potato storage protein, metabolism, stress resistance, and defense against pests and pathogens. The overall outcomes of this study support QQS and NF-YC4’s potential utilization as tools to enhance tuber protein content in plants.

/pdf/orphan-genes-in-crop-improvement-enhancing-potato-tuber-1w2ql3es.pdf

Orphan Genes in Crop Improvement: Enhancing Potato Tuber Protein without Impacting Yield

Abstract The plant‐based protein industry is rapidly growing and is projected to grow to over $27 billion by 2030. In addition to monetary benefits, plant‐based protein crops, particularly pulse crops (i.e., legume species with dry edible seed), can supplement the existing crop biodiversity and break the disease and insect pest cycle in drastically changing climatic conditions. Most commercially available plant‐based protein ingredients come from only 2% of the 150 plant species on which our food supply depends. Therefore, it is imperative to diversify the cropping system with pulse crops that provide a more nutritious, climate‐resilient, sustainable food value chain. At present, a large portion of US pulse crop production is exported, yet the shifting demographics, dietary preferences, and a rise in domestic consumption present enormous potential for existing and emerging pulse crops, as well as their breeding. Despite a rise in demand from consumers and industries, farmers are yet to fully reap the benefits of these crops due to a shortage of improved varieties. These new varieties could lead to a diverse, sustainable protein supply that satisfies the growing domestic and global demand for plant‐based foods. This review intends to comprehensively explore the geographical and cultural acceptance of plant‐based proteins, manufacturing techniques, protein products, anti‐nutritional factors, techniques and tools for protein estimation, high‐throughput estimation of seed protein, protein composition requirements in food, breeding strategies, crop improvement, and resources to improve plant‐based protein pulse crops. 

Plant‐based protein crops and their improvement: Current status and future perspectives

Overexpression of OsNF-YB4 leads to flowering early, improving photosynthesis and better grain yield in hybrid rice.

Mosaic viral diseases affect sugarcane productivity worldwide. Mining disease resistance-associated molecular markers or genes is a key component of disease resistance breeding programs. In the present study, 285 F 1 progeny were produced from a cross between Yuetang 93-159, a moderately resistant variety, and ROC22, a highly susceptible variety. The mosaic disease symptoms of these progenies, with ROC22 as the control, were surveyed by natural infection under 11 different environmental conditions in the field and by artificial infections with a mixed sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) inoculum. Analysis of consolidated survey data enabled the identification of 29 immune, 55 highly resistant, 70 moderately resistant, 62 susceptible, and 40 highly susceptible progenies. The disease response data and a high-quality SNP genetic map were used in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. The results showed that the correlation coefficients (0.26~0.91) between mosaic disease resistance and test environments were significant ( p &amp;lt; 0.001), and that mosaic disease resistance was a highly heritable quantitative trait ( H 2 = 0.85). Seven mosaic resistance QTLs were located to the SNP genetic map, each QTL accounted for 3.57% ~ 17.10% of the phenotypic variation explained (PVE). Furthermore, 110 pathogen response genes and 69 transcription factors were identified in the QTLs interval. The expression levels of nine genes ( Soffic.07G0015370-1P , Soffic.09G0015410-2T , Soffic.09G0016460-1T , Soffic.09G0016460-1P , Soffic.09G0017080-3C , Soffic.09G0018730-3P , Soffic.09G0018730-3C , Soffic.09G0019920-3C and Soffic.03G0019710-2C ) were significantly different between resistant and susceptible progenies, indicating their key roles in sugarcane resistance to SCMV and SrMV infection. The seven QTLs and nine genes can provide a certain scientific reference to help sugarcane breeders develop varieties resistant to mosaic diseases. 

/pdf/identification-of-qtls-and-critical-genes-related-to-1b24dlen.pdf

Identification of QTLs and critical genes related to sugarcane mosaic disease resistance

The NF-Y gene family is a highly conserved set of transcription factors. The functional transcription factor complex is made up of a trimer between NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC proteins. While mammals typically have one gene for each subunit, plants often have multigene families for each subunit which contributes to a wide variety of combinations and functions. Soybean plants with an overexpression of a particular NF-YC isoform GmNF-YC4-2 (Glyma.04g196200) in soybean cultivar Williams 82, had a lower amount of starch in its leaves, a higher amount of protein in its seeds, and increased broad disease resistance for bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the field, similar to the effects of overexpression of its isoform GmNF-YC4-1 (Glyma.06g169600). Interestingly, GmNF-YC4-2-OE (overexpression) plants also filled pods and senesced earlier, a novel trait not found in GmNF-YC4-1-OE plants. No yield difference was observed in GmNF-YC4-2-OE compared with the wild-type control. Sequence alignment of GmNF-YC4-2, GmNF-YC4-1 and AtNF-YC1 indicated that faster maturation may be a result of minor sequence differences in the terminal ends of the protein compared to the closely related isoforms.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1307&context=plantpath_pubs

GmNF-YC4-2 Increases Protein, Exhibits Broad Disease Resistance and Expedites Maturity in Soybean.

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GmNF-YC4-2 Increases Protein, Exhibits Broad Disease Resistance and Expedites Maturity in Soybean.