Redox flow batteries: Status and perspective towards sustainable stationary energy storage

Es wird ein Brennstoffzellenstapel mit Zelleneinheiten bereitgestellt, die eine Sammelleitung, eine offene Endplatte, die an einer Seite der Zelleneinheiten angeordnet ist und einen Reaktionsgaseinlass und -auslass hat, die mit der Sammelleitung verbunden sind, und eine geschlossene Endplatte enthalten, die an der an der anderen Seite der Zelleneinheiten angeordnet ist und die Sammelleitung abschliest. Insbesondere enthalt die Endplatte eine erste schrage Oberflache, die die Stromung eines Reaktionsgases am Reaktionsgaseinlass und an der Sammelleitungs-Schnittstelle regelt. Ein erster Ausrichtungsvorsprung bildet die erste schrage Oberflache und richtet die Zelleneinheiten aus, und die geschlossene Endplatte enthalt eine zweite schrage Oberflache, die die Stromung des Reaktionsgases an der Sammelleitungs-Schnittstelle regelt. Auserdem bildet ein zweiter Ausrichtungsvorsprung die zweite schrage Oberflache und richtet die Zelleneinheiten entsprechend aus.

Fuel cell stack

In order to relieve current energy crisis and the related environment pollutions arising with fossil fuel, the development and application of sustainable and clean energy, such as solar and hydrogen, is anticipated as a prospective issue. It is urgent and significant to develop and construct various energy storage and conversion technologies and materials for the generation and utilization of clean energy sources. Polyoxometalates (POMs), a class of metal oxide polyanion clusters, can serve as outstanding candidates in energy-related fields like electrocatalysis, rechargeable battery, photocatalysis, and proton conduction, based on their plentiful redox property, semiconductor-like feature and acidity. Here, the selected recent and significant advances in the development of POM-based materials for sustainable and clean energy conversion and storage are reviewed and summarized, and special emphases are shown to the applications of POMs as platforms for hydrogen production, water oxidation, carbon dioxide reduction, Li-ion rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells and so on. The results obtained from different catalytic/energy storage systems have been compared and we try to give a better understanding on catalytic reactivity-catalysts structure correlation as well as to put a picture for the rational design of electrochemical electrodes.

Polyoxometalate-based materials for sustainable and clean energy conversion and storage

A fuel cell based subterranean heater for mineral extraction, in situ decontamination, or other applications. The fuel cells are preferably stacked within a casing which is then inserted into a hole bored, or otherwise formed, into the formation to be heated. Conduits within the casing, and preferably formed by adjacent, aligned holes formed through the plates of the individual fuel cells supply fuel and air and extract exhaust gases. An optional manifold is used to span the overburden without applying heat to it directly. The manifold may also function as a heat exchanger between incoming and exhaust gases. Preferably the fuel cell is fueled by gases produced by the formation and also generates electricity which is available for use or export.

Apparatus and method for heating subterranean formations using fuel cells

Large-scale energy storage is becoming increasingly critical to balancing renewable energy production and consumption1. Organic redox flow batteries, made from inexpensive and sustainable redox-active materials, are promising storage technologies that are cheaper and less environmentally hazardous than vanadium-based batteries, but they have shorter lifetimes and lower energy density2,3. Thus, fundamental insight at the molecular level is required to improve performance4,5. Here we report two in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods of studying redox flow batteries, which are applied to two redox-active electrolytes: 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) and 4,4'-((9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl)dioxy) dibutyrate (DBEAQ). In the first method, we monitor the changes in the 1H NMR shift of the liquid electrolyte as it flows out of the electrochemical cell. In the second method, we observe the changes that occur simultaneously in the positive and negative electrodes in the full electrochemical cell. Using the bulk magnetization changes (observed via the 1H NMR shift of the water resonance) and the line broadening of the 1H shifts of the quinone resonances as a function of the state of charge, we measure the potential differences of the two single-electron couples, identify and quantify the rate of electron transfer between the reduced and oxidized species, and determine the extent of electron delocalization of the unpaired spins over the radical anions. These NMR techniques enable electrolyte decomposition and battery self-discharge to be explored in real time, and show that DHAQ is decomposed electrochemically via a reaction that can be minimized by limiting the voltage used on charging. We foresee applications of these NMR methods in understanding a wide range of redox processes in flow and other electrochemical systems.

/pdf/in-situ-nmr-metrology-reveals-reaction-mechanisms-in-redox-1we63t69l5.pdf

In situ NMR metrology reveals reaction mechanisms in redox flow batteries

Electrochemical storage of energy is a necessary asset for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power into a complete energy scenario Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are the only type of battery in which the energy content and the power output can be scaled independently, offering flexibility for applications such as load levelling However, the prevailing technology, the all Vanadium system, comprises low energy and low power densities In this study we investigate two polyoxometalates (POMs), [SiW12O40]4− and [PV14O42]9−, as nano-sized electron shuttles We show that these POMs exhibit fast redox kinetics (electron transfer constant k0 ≈ 10−2 cm s−1 for [SiW12O40]4−), thereby enabling high power densities; in addition, they feature multi-electron transfer, realizing a high capacity per molecule; they do not cross cation exchange membranes, eliminating self-discharge through the separator; and they are chemically and electrochemically stable as shown by in situ NMR In flow battery studies the theoretical capacity (107 A h L−1) could be achieved under operating conditions The cell was cycled for 14 days with current densities in the range of 30 to 60 mA cm−2 (155 cycles) The Coulombic efficiency was 94% during cycling Very small losses occurred due to residual oxygen in the system The voltage efficiency (∼65% at 30 mA cm−2) was mainly affected by ohmic rather than kinetic losses Pathways for further improvement are discussed

/pdf/asymmetric-polyoxometalate-electrolytes-for-advanced-redox-5ecfegfvt9.pdf

Asymmetric polyoxometalate electrolytes for advanced redox flow batteries

In a high-temperature fuel cell having two components that are joined together by a layer. The layer includes at least one ply of a glass solder and at least one ply of a glass ceramic. Because of this provision, the components are joined together mechanically and chemically in a stable and economic manner.

High-temperature fuel cell and high-temperature fuel cell stack

Disclosed is a gas turbine blade (1) having a ceramic heat-insulating layer (17) The ceramic heat-insulating layer (17) consists of 10 - 95 wt % magnesium aluminate, 5 -90 wt % magnesium oxide and 0 -20 wt % aluminium oxide Magnesium oxide particles are incorporated into a matrix made of spindle-shaped magnesium aluminate, enabling the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic heat-insulating layer (17) to be adapted in a particularly suitable manner to a metallic base body (15) of the gas turbine blade (1) The ceramic heat-insulating layer (17) also has a porosity which is greater than 3 vol %, thereby guaranteeing sufficiently low heat conductivity

Gas turbine blade


 While redox flow batteries carry a large potential for electricity storage, specifically for regenerative energies, the current technology-prone system—the all-vanadium redox flow battery—exhibits two major disadvantages: low energy and low power densities. Polyoxometalates have the potential to mitigate both effects. In this publication, the operation of a polyoxometalate redox flow battery was demonstrated for the polyoxoanions [SiW12O40]4– (SiW12) in the anolyte and [PV14O42]9– (PV14) in the catholyte. Emphasis was laid on comparing to which extent an upscale from 25 to 1400 cm2 membrane area may impede efficiency and operational parameters. Results demonstrated that the operation of the large cell for close to 3 months did not diminish operation and the stability of polyoxometalates was unaltered.

A polyoxometalate redox flow battery: functionality and upscale

A high temperature fuel cell (2) has two elements (4, 6) joined together by joint layer (10) including a metal solder layer (14) An Independent claim is also included for a high temperature fuel stack of conductor plates with intervening electrolyte, each pair of adjacent conductor plates forming a fuel cell as described above

Long life high temperature fuel cell with mechanically and chemically stable joint

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