The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for transcutaneous measurement of glucose in a host.

Transcutaneous analyte sensor

A connector for resuscitating an infant or neonate is disclosed. The pressure is varied between Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP) and Peak End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) by the occlusion of the PEEP outlet. The PEEP outlet may either allow variable PEEP, by adjustment, or substantially flow independent fixed PEEP using a novel umbrella valve (308). A duck billed valve (305) is included for suctioning of surfactant delivery during resuscitation. The connector (134) is adapted to one handed use.

Breathing assistance apparatus

Communication between cells determines the steady-state composition of the lung in health and becomes a critical determinant of outcome in pathologic processes resulting in anatomic remodeling. This review presents the evolving concepts of the biology of cytokines (also known as peptide growth factors or biological response modifiers) in maintaining normal tissue growth and homeostasis. How these extracellular signaling proteins are involved in such pathologic disorders as spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and the evolution and recovery from acute lung injury is also discussed. During the past decade the cytokines have come to the fore as important multifunctional mediators of cell behavior and cell-cell communication. A wide range of cellular responses are influenced or triggered when cytokines interact with cells. These include mitosis, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, cytoskeleton arrangement, immunomodulation, and extracellular matrix production. Cytokines influence cell behavior by binding to specific high affinity surface receptors on target cells. These receptors are linked in turn at the cell membrane to a complex array of intracellular signaling pathways. Individual cytokines may inhibit as well as promote cellular functions such as mitosis and thereby play a critical role in homeostasis of normal tissue elements. Hence, cytokines are intimately involved in normal tissue homeostasis as well as in processes eventuating in growth and remodeling. All cells produce and secrete cytokines at some time during their life. Each cytokine is capable of modulating more than one cellular function. Although produced by a variety of cell types, the triggers that induce a specific cytokine to be produced differ between cells. Many of the cytokines share regions of homologous nucleic acid sequences, suggesting that they are members of larger gene families. Given that tissues and cells are exposed to complex cytokine mixtures rather than to individual cytokines, recent attention has turned to understanding how cytokines interact. The combined effects of cytokine mixtures have proved to be both complex and unpredictable based on knowledge of the separate actions of the individual cytokines involved. In studies of the role of cytokines in lung disease, early research attention has focused on those cytokines released by alveolar macrophages (the so-called macrophage-derived growth factors). However, structural cells as well as immune effector cells of the lung are capable of cytokine production and release. The cytokines receiving the most attention to date in relation to pulmonary diseases include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), and, most recently, interleukin-6 (IL-6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cytokines of the Lung

A system for delivering supplemental oxygen for sub-acute care, the system comprising: a blood oxygen content level sensor (14); a source of supplemental oxygen (20); a valve (26) in fluid communication with the source of supplemental oxygen (20); and a controller (10) capable of operating the valve (26), the controller (10) restricting flow through the valve (26) when the blood oxygen content level measured by the blood oxygen content level sensor (14) is above a desired value.

Control device for supplying supplemental respiratory oxygen

Methods and systems for supplying respiratory oxygen to users when the users are inhaling are disclosed. The methods and systems may rely on delivery devices that are selectively placed in fluid communication with either a respiration sensor or a source of oxygen. The methods and systems may actively monitor for exhalations, as well as monitor for oxygen in the oxygen source. The respiration sensor may preferably be a flow sensor.

Control of respiratory oxygen delivery

One or more physical activity sensors, such as pressure switches, position sensors and accelerometers, as well as a breath sensor are connected to control a valve. The valve is electrically actuated and has first and second states. A control circuit between the sensors and the valve increase actuation of the valve when continuing activity is sensed. The valve has a single coil and is bistable so that it does not require continuous energization in either state. The fluid is preferably respiratory oxygen so that more oxygen is delivered when the person is active.

Activity responsive therapeutic delivery system

An apparatus which minimizes the amount of oxygen needed to maintain a specific oxygen level in the blood of an individual can be constructed so as to use a transducer and other circuit components to obtain a first series of pulses or signals corresponding to the individual's breathing. A divider or counter processes the signals or pulses of the first series to create a second series of pulses or signals corresponding to periodic pulses or signals of the first series. The pulses or signals of the second series are used to periodically open a valve to deliver oxygen to the individual at about the start of the person's periodic breathing cycles.

Method and apparatus for supplying a gas to a body

An apparatus for use in oxygen therapy can be constructed so as to include a gas holder appearing more or less as a pendant which includes a variable volume internal chamber and so as to use a line for continuously delivering oxygen to the holder and a conduit for conveying gas between a person using the apparatus and the holder. During use on exhalation the initially exhaled gas will flow through cannula carried by the conduit and the conduit into the holder so as to expand the variable volume chamber. When it is filled the remaining expired gas will be vented to the ambient. As the holder is filled the expired gas within it will be mixed with a limited amount of oxygen and thereafter during exhalation the oxygen supply will displace the expired gas in the conduit so that it flows outwardly from the cannula to be picked up by the expired air being vented to the ambient. On inhalation the oxygen and any non-displaced gas in the conduit will be inhaled preferentially to the ambient air and will be followed into the respiratory track by the gas from within the variable volume chamber and the oxygen concurrently supplied to the holder. During the remainder of inhalation ambient air will be inhaled.

Oxygen therapy apparatus

A quick acting diversion valve can be constructed so that a pressure difference between the sides of a bistable diaphragm can be used to cause the diaphragm to change in configuration so as to move a valve body in a housing in order to change the manner in which passages or ports in the housing are connected.

Quick acting diversion valves

A feedback type of diversion valve which can be used to sequentially "operate" or "activate" fluid responive structures such as tubes of a pillow.

Method and apparatus for causing a series of mechanical actions

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