Toxicological profile for arsenic

Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans

1. Forms of Selenium.- 1.1 Low Molecular-Weight Compounds.- 1.1.1 Selenocysteine.- 1.1.2 Selenocystine.- 1.1.3 Selenohomocystine.- 1.1.4 Se-methylselenocysteine.- 1.1.5 Selenocystathionine.- 1.1.6 Selenomethionine.- 1.1.7 Se-methylselenomethionine.- 1.1.8 Dimethyl Selenide.- 1.1.9 Dimethyl Diselenide.- 1.1.10 Trimethyl Selenonium.- 1.1.11 Elemental Selenium.- 1.1.12 Selenotaurine.- 1.1.13 Selenocoenzyme A.- 1.1.14 Other Compounds.- 1.2 Macromolecular Forms of Selenium.- 1.2.1 Formate Dehydrogenase.- 1.2.2 Glycine Reductase.- 1.2.3 Nicotinic Acid Hydroxylase.- 1.2.4 Xanthine Hydrogenase.- 1.2.5 Thiolase.- 1.2.6 Glutathione Peroxidase.- 1.2.7 Miscellaneous Selenoproteins.- 1.2.8 Seleno-tRNA's.- 11.11 References.- 2. Selenium Deficiency Diseases in Animals.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Dietary Liver Necrosis and Factor 3.- 2.2.1 Discovery.- 2.2.2 Pathology.- 2.2.3 Biochemical Defect.- 2.2.4 Hepatosis Dietetica.- 2.3 Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy.- 2.3.1 Pathology.- 2.3.2 Prevention of NMD.- 2.4 Exudative Diathesis.- 2.5 Pancreatic Degeneration.- 2.6 Mulberry Heart Disease.- 2.7 Reproductive Problems.- 2.8 Myopathy of the Gizzard.- 2.9 Growth.- 2.10 Selenium-Responsive Unthriftiness of Sheep and Cattle.- 2.11 Periodontal Disease of Ewes.- 2.12 Encephalomalacia.- 11.11 References.- 3. Metabolism of Selenium.- 3.1 Absorption.- 3.2 Placental Transfer.- 3.3 Mechanism of the Antioxidant Action of Selenium.- 3.4 Effect of Paraquat.- 3.5 Effect on Cytochrome P-450.- 3.6 Selenium and Hepatic Heme Metabolism.- 11.11 References.- 4. Comparative Metabolism and Biochemistry of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Comparative Metabolism of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.2.1 Microorganisms.- 4.2.2 Plants.- 4.2.3 Animals.- 4.3 Comparative Biochemistry of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.3.1 Selenopersulfide as an Electron Transfer Catalyst.- 4.3.2 Iron-Sulphur Proteins.- 4.3.3 Sulphur Salts and Selenium Toxicity in Animals.- 4.3.4 Other Selenium-Sulphur Interactions.- 11.11 References.- 5. Biological Interactions of Selenium with Other Substances.- 5.1 Cadmium.- 5.1.1 Pathological Effects.- 5.1.2 Cadmium-Zinc Interactions.- 5.1.3 Cadmium-Selenium Interactions.- 5.1.4 Effect on Drug Response.- 5.2 Arsenic.- 5.3 Copper.- 5.4 Silver.- 5.5 Cobalt.- 5.6 Manganese.- 5.7 Lead.- 5.8 Mercury.- 5.8.1 Inorganic and Organic Mercury.- 5.8.2 Tissue Distribution.- 5.8.3 Properties of the Mercury-Selenium Complex.- 5.8.4 Teratogenicity.- 5.9 Thallium.- 5.10 Tellurium.- 5.11 Vanadium.- 5.12 Bismuth.- 5.13 Other Substances.- 11.11 References.- 6. Environmental Occurrence of Selenium.- 6.1 Geochemistry of Selenium.- 6.2 Soil Selenium.- 6.3 Uptake and Concentration of Trace Elements in the Roots, Stems, and Leaves of Plants.- 6.4 Forage Selenium.- 6.5 Selenium in Water.- 6.6 Selenium in Food.- 6.7 Intakes and Recommended Daily Allowance in Humans.- 6.8 Regulations in Regard to Animal Diets.- 11.11 References.- 7. Toxicity of Selenium.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.1.1 Acute Toxicity.- 7.1.2 Blind Staggers.- 7.1.3 Alkalai Disease.- 7.1.4 Toxicity in Rabbits.- 7.1.5 Toxicity in Hamsters.- 7.1.6 Toxicity in Sheep.- 7.1.7 Toxicity in Rats.- 7.1.8 Effect of Diet on Toxicity.- 7.1.9 Biochemical Lesions.- 7.1.10 LD50 of Various Selenium Compounds.- 7.2 Industrial Medical Aspects.- 7.2.1 Occupational Hazards.- 7.2.2 Permissible Limits for Selenium Exposure.- 7.2.3 Toxicity in Humans.- 11.11 References.- 8. Selenium in Health and Disease.- 8.1 Selenium and Cancer.- 8.1.1 Skin Cancer.- 8.1.2 Liver Cancer.- 8.1.3 Colon Cancer.- 8.1.4 Breast Cancer.- 8.1.5 Tracheal Cancer.- 8.1.6 Chemotherapeutic Effect of Selenium.- 8.1.7 Epidemiological Relationship.- 8.1.8 Selenium Blood Levels in Cancer Patients.- 8.1.9 Selenium as a Carcinogen.- 8.2 Selenium and Mutagenesis.- 8.2.1 Antimutagenicity.- 8.2.2 Mutagenicity.- 8.3 Selenium and Immunity.- 8.3.1 Effect of Selenium on Humoral Immunity.- 8.3.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8.3.3 Nonspecific Immune Effects of Selenium.- 8.4 Selenium and Dental Caries.- 8.5 The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selenium.- 8.6 Selenium and Heart Disease.- 8.6.1 Animals.- 8.6.2 Humans.- 8.7 Selenium and Aging.- 8.8 Cystic Fibrosis.- 8.9 Multiple Sclerosis.- 8.10 Cataracts.- 8.11 Other Diseases.- 8.12 Radioselenium as a Diagnostic Agent.- 11.11 References.- 9. Synthetic Forms of Selenium and Their Chemotherapeutic Uses.- 9.1 Anti-Infective Agents.- 9.1.1 Antibacterial.- 9.1.2 Antiviral.- 9.2 Antifungal Agents.- 9.3 Antiparasitic Agents.- 9.4 Compounds Affecting the Central Nervous System.- 9.4.1 Hypnotics.- 9.4.2 Analgesics and Local Anesthetics.- 9.4.3 Tranquilizing Drugs.- 9.5 Compounds that Affect the Autonomic Nervous System.- 9.6 Compounds that Affect the Circulatory System.- 9.7 Anti-Inflammatory Compounds.- 9.8 Antihistamines.- 9.9 Anticancer Agents.- 9.10 Antiradiation Agents.- 9.11 Steroids.- 9.12 Selenocoenzyme A.- 9.13 Selenium-Containing Carbohydrates.- 9.14 Seleno-Amino Acids.- 11.11 References.- 10. Analytical Methods of Selenium Determination.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Sample Preparation and Storage.- 10.3 Destructive Analysis.- 10.3.1 Ashing.- 10.3.2 Closed-System Combustion.- 10.3.3 Wet Digestion.- 10.3.4 Measurement of Selenium.- 10.4 Nondestructive Analysis.- 10.4.1 Neutron Activation Analysis.- 10.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis.- 10.4.3 Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission.- References.

/pdf/biochemistry-of-selenium-gu73q1uo0t.pdf

Biochemistry of selenium.

Breeding mice and rats were exposed to low doses of six trace elements in drinking water in an environment controlled as to contaminating trace metals. Each group was carried through three generations. Compared to control mice given only doubly deionized wafer, selenafe (3 ppm selenium) resulted in excess deaths before weaning, runts, and failures to breed. Lead (25 ppm) and cadmium (10 ppm) resulted in loss of the strain in two generations with many abnormalities. Molybdate (10 ppm molybdenum) was slightly toxic in this respect, and arsenic resulted only in elevated ratios of males to females. In rats, lead was very toxic, and titanium and nickel moderately toxic, resulting in many early deaths and runts. This method provides fairly rapid estimates of innate toxicities of trace elements in doses tolerable for growth and survival.

Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on the Reproduction of Mice and Rats

Arsenic may be released into the environment through industrial processes and through the generation of power from coal. It is also widely used in agriculture and was formerly used extensively in medicine. For the general population, exposure to arsenic occurs mainly through the ingestion of foodstuffs containing inorganic and organic arsenicals. Trivalent arsenicals are regarded as being primarily sulfhydryl reagents with the result they inhibit a number of thiol-dependent enzymic systems in various tissues. Arsenite also has an effect on DNA synthesis and DNA repair. Owing to its lower affinity for hydroxy and thiol groups, pentavalent arsenate inhibits fewer enzymic systems. Although there is no reliable evidence that arsenic produces tumors in experimental animals, epidemiological studies show that the incidence of epidermoid carcinomas of the skin and lungs, and of pre-cancerous dermal keratoses, is significantly increased in human subjects who have been chronically exposed to arsenic compounds by oral or respiratory routes. Arsenic appears to be one of the only teratogenic members of the Group V metals. Most of the studies performed on the mutagenic activity of arsenic have provided positive results. They involve experiments on microorganisms, plant material and Drosophila as well as observations on the ability of this metal to induce, in vitro and in vivo, chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells.

Carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity of arsenic.

Cadmium sulfate and sodium arsenate injected into pregnant hamsters are independently teratogenic. Sodium selenite which is not teratogenic under similar conditions does provide significant protection against the malformations induced by cadmium or arsenic when injected simultaneously with either of these teratogens. The effect of a time interval between the injection of cadmium and selenium revealed that the protective effect of selenium was still marked at a 30-minute interval but decreased markedly at two- to four-hour intervals. At the 30-minute interval the protective effect was more marked when the selenium was injected first rather than the reciprocal method.

Interrelationships of Selenium, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Mammalian Teratogenesis

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Robert E. Holmberg

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Interrelationships of Selenium, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Mammalian Teratogenesis