There are a number of ways in which a clinical diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type can be made – the application of clinical criteria is the commonest but ancillary techniques such as neuroima

Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, the main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify gender-related differences in the levels of and the interrelations among attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention using multi-group structural equations modeling in which the dimensions of these constructs were disentangled and treated as latent variables that were indirectly inferred from multiple indicators. The sample of the study consisted of 441 Greek tertiary education undergraduate information technology students. The results showed that attitude consists of two components—one instrumental and one affective; perceived behavioral control is comprised of two factors—perceived self-efficacy and perceived controllability; and entrepreneurial intention is best represented by three factors—choice intention, commitment to entrepreneurship, and nascent entrepreneurship. The findings indicated further that affective attitude and perceived self-efficacy are by far the strongest predictors of intention, thus highlighting the role of emotions in the entrepreneurial process. Our work revealed also that the relationship between commitment to entrepreneurship and nascent entrepreneurship is stronger in men than in women. Conceiving nascent entrepreneurship as a proxy for entrepreneurial behavior, this finding implies that gender is a moderator of the entrepreneurial intention-action translation. Despite its limitations, this study makes some important contributions and implications to the literature of entrepreneurship. These and future research suggestions are also discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13731-020-0112-0.pdf

Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences

Bias in Mental Testing.

Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progresses from a preclinical period, through a middle phase of cognitive deterioration, to a late, profound state. The temporal progression of disability can be modeled with a horologic (time-based) function using “time-index” (TI) intervals (day-or yearunits) to quantify an individual’s disability across multiple cognitive and functional domains relative to a reference AD population. Clinicians and researchers can use TI quantification to assess dementia severity and initial therapy benefits. Rate of progression and confidence intervals require at least two successive measurements. Rate of progression measures can be used to support diagnosis and to investigate disease-course-modifying therapies.

/pdf/modeling-the-time-course-of-alzheimer-dementia-4rvv76pr2p.pdf

Modeling the time-course of Alzheimer dementia.

Recent factor analyses of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS ; S. Mattis, 1973) have questioned the validity of its subscales, raising questions regarding their interpretation. This study examined the measurement structure of the standard DRS and of an abbreviated DRS form in a homogenous sample of 171 patients with Alzheimer's disease using (a) confirmatory factor analysis and 16 ) correlation of factors identified in the best fitting model with supplementary neuropsychological tests. We found confirmation of the validity of the Construction, Conceptualization, and Memory subscales associated with both the standard and abbreviated DRS. Correlations between these factors and supplementary neuropsychological measures supported the validity of the identified factors. The variability in DRS factor composition reported in previous studies appears to be related to sample heterogeneity, which is critically important to the resulting factor structure.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) is a commonly used cognitive measure designed to assess the course of decline in progressive dementias. However, little information is available about possible systematic racial bias on the items presented in this test. We investigated race as a potential source of test bias and differential item functioning in 40 pairs of African American and Caucasian dementia patients (N = 80), matched on age, education, and gender. Principal component analysis revealed similar patterns and magnitudes across component loadings for each racial group, indicating no clear evidence of test bias on account of race. Results of an item analysis of the MDRS revealed differential item functioning across groups on only 4 of 36 items, which may potentially be dropped to produce a modified MDRS that may be less sensitive to cultural factors. Given the absence of test bias because of race, the observed racial differences on the total MDRS score are most likely associated with group differences in dementia severity. We conclude that the MDRS shows no appreciable evidence of test bias and minimal differential item functioning (item bias) because of race, suggesting that the MDRS may be used in both African American and Caucasian dementia patients to assess dementia severity.

/pdf/an-analysis-of-test-bias-and-differential-item-functioning-23d5nsvfpw.pdf

An Analysis of Test Bias and Differential Item Functioning due to Race on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

An Analysis of Test Bias and Differential Item Functioning due to Race on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale