Viruses are an integral part of ecosystems, interacting and coevolving with their hosts in ways that include predations, niche cooperations and niche competitions. This chapter discusses the possible role of viruses in eukaryogenesis. It also mentions coregulation between virus and host, gene transfer from virus to host, and gene transfer from host to virus. Three historically significant discoveries of viruses affecting eukaryotes are mentioned, those are Tobacco mosaic virus in Crimea during 1890, H1N1 influenza virus in the United States during 1918, and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in China during 2019. The chalk cliffs of Dover are a geological consequence of viral predation upon eukaryotic phytoplankton. Viral infections of plants can cause phenotypic changes that include drought tolerance. Viral infections can cause phenotypic changes of fungi that include hypervirulence, hypovirulence, and thermotolerance. Viral infections of insects can phenotypically alter climbing behavior, change the presence and function of wings, and alter insect aggressiveness. Many parasitoid wasps depend upon a niche cooperation by using their endogenous viruses to suppress the immune response of caterpillars into which the wasps inject their eggs. There also are niche competitions between different groups of microbes and viruses, including the fact that infection of Aedes aegypti mosquitos by the bacteria Wolbachia pipientis reduces the replication of Dengue virus in the mosquitos and thus reduces the endemicity of dengue infections in human populations. Placental mammals as well as some lizards rely upon activating envelope genes of their endogenous Retroviridae in a coregulation that initiates development of a placenta. 

The Ecosystem Role of Viruses Affecting Eukaryotes

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Robert E. Campbell

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

The Ecosystem Role of Viruses Affecting Eukaryotes