Gel electrophoresis of proteins has become a standard and powerful research tool for application in a multitude of biological disciplines One form of protein electrophoresis, isozyme analysis, has become particularly prominent in systematic and evolutionary biology as well as agronomy (Tanksley and Orton, 1983) Isozymes, or multiple molecular forms of enzymes, are enzymes that share a common substrate but differ in electrophoretic mobility (Markert and Moller, 1959) They are revealed when tissue extracts are subjected to electrophoresis in various types of gels and subsequently submersed in solutions containing enzyme-specific stains Genetic analysis may indicate that some of the variant electromorphs are encoded by alternate alleles at a single locus, in which case the allelic products are termed allozymes (Prakash et al, 1969) Data retrieved from electrophoretic gels consist of the number and relative mobilities of various enzyme products, which with appropriate genetic analyses become transformed into single or multilocus genotypes for each individual analyzed Reasons are many for the popularity of electrophoretic data (Avise, 1975; Gottlieb, 1977; Crawford, 1983), but foremost among these is that isozymes provide a series of readily scored, single-gene markers

Visualization and Interpretation of Plant Isozymes

The procedure to conduct horizontal starch gel electrophoresis on enzymes is described in detail. Areas covered are (I) collection and storage of specimens, (2)
preparation of tissues, (3) preparation of a starch gel, (4) application of enzyme extracts to a gel, (5) setting up a gel for electrophoresis, (6) slicing a gel, and (7)
staining a gel. Recipes are also included for 47 enzyme stains and 3 selected gel buffers. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)

Manual for Starch Gel Electrophoresis: A Method for the Detection of Genetic Variation

We used 51 isozyme loci to determine the population genetic structure of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages. The sampled populations have little genetic variation within and significant genetic differences among themselves. Preserving the genetic diversity of bull trout will require the continued existence of many populations throughout this region. Bull trout from the Columbia and Klamath drainages would qualify as separate “species” under the United States Endangered Species Act according to criteria established for anadromous salmonid fishes. Genotype frequencies at the four variable loci in a group of bull trout used for artificial supplementation indicate an extremely small number of effective parents. The release of such fish into the wild could have harmful effects on native fish populations. Non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have been introduced throughout the range of bull trout, and hybridization between these species has been reported. Protein and mitochondrial DNA genotypes collected from one stream in western Montana over an eight-year period indicate the displacement of bull trout by brook trout. This rapid displacement was accompanied by extensive production of interspecific first-generation hybrids by both reciprocal crosses.



Resumen: Usamos 51 loci de enzimas para determinar la estructura poblacional genetica de la trucha “bull” (Salvelinus confluentus) en las cuencas de los rios Columbia Kalmath. Las poblaciones muestreadas tienen poca variabilidad genetica interna y diferencias geneticas significativas entre ellas. La preservacion de la diversidad genetica de la trucha “bull” requerira la existencia continua de muchas poblaciones a lo largo de esta region. La trucha “bull” de las cuencas de los rios Columbia y Klamath podrian ser catalogadas como “especies” distintas bajo el Acta de Especies en peligro de los Estados Unidos de acuerdo a los criterios establecidos para especies de salmonidos anadromos. La frecuencias genotipicas de los cuatro loci variables en un grupo de trucha “bull” usado para la suplementacion artificial indica un numero efectivo de padres extremadamente pequena. La introduccion en la naturaleza de tales peces podria tener efectos nocivos sobre las poblaciones nativas de peces. Truchas “brook”, no-nativas (Salvelinus fontinalis) han sido introducidas a lo largo de todo el rango de distribucion de la trucha bull, y se ha reportado la hibridacion entre estas especies. Genotipos de proteinas y mitocondriales recolectados en un arroyo en el oeste de Montana a lo largo de un periodo de ocho anos indica que la trucha “bull” esta siendo desplazada por la trucha “brook”. Este rapido desplazamiento fue acompanado por la extensiva produccion de hibridos inter-especificos de primera generacion por los dos cruces reciprocos.

Conservation Genetics of Bull Trout in the Columbia and Klamath River Drainages

An Outline of General Resource Needs and Procedures for the Electrophoretic Separation of Active Enzymes from Plant Tissue

Levels of genetic variation were measured in first-generation Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cultured for stock enhancement programs in eastern Canada and compared with variation in wild stocks. One regulatory and 19 structural protein loci were screened of which 10 were polymorphic. Mean heterozygosity and number of alleles per locus were positively correlated with the effective number of adults (N) used to establish the hatchery groups and averaged 26 and 12% lower, respectively, than wild stocks. The observations are consistent with a loss of genetic variability in the hatchery salmon from random drift caused by using small numbers of salmon for broodstock.

Reduced Genetic Variability in First-Generation Hatchery Populations of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

The esterase enzymes of the tissues of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Four sets of esterase bands were distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility, their relative activity with the two substrates, alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate, and their relative concentrations in plasma, liver, and heart tissues. All of the esterases were inhibited by 10−4M solutions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate inhibitor, but none was inhibited by 10−4M eserine sulfate or by 10−4 M EDTA. Polymorphism was noted in all four sets of esterases. Evidence for the genetic control of the fastest migrating set was obtained from population genetic analyses. In this set of esterases, five distinct bands occurred either singly or in pairs. The observed distribution of the three most common bands fits the hypothesis that they are controlled by a set of autosomal alleles. The two rarest bands occurred only in the heterozygous state, as would be expected. ...

Polymorphism in the Esterases of Atlantic Herring

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Polymorphism in the Esterases of Atlantic Herring