A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them.

http://www.beelab.umn.edu/sites/beelab.umn.edu/files/invitro-study.pdf

In vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis against Paenibacillus larvae.

Since 2007 honey bee colony failure rates overwinter have averaged about 30% across much of North America. In addition, cases of extremely rapid colony failure have been reported, which has been termed colony collapse disorder. Both phenomena result from an increase in the frequency and intensity of chronic diseases and environmental stressors. Colonies are often challenged by multiple stressors, which can interact: for example, pesticides can enhance disease transmission in colonies. Colonies may be particularly vulnerable to sublethal effects of pathogens and pesticides since colony functions are compromised whether a stressor kills workers, or causes them to fail at foraging. Modelling provides a way to understand the processes of colony failure by relating impacts of stressors to colony-level functions.

Death of the bee hive: understanding the failure of an insect society.

European honey bees (Apis mellifera L) are important pollinators of many fruits, nuts, vegetables and field crops Honey bees also pollinate different wild flowering plants and help to maintain the ecosystems Currently, these pollinators are facing a number of threats including habitat destruction, pesticides, mites, parasites and loss of genetic diversity Because of the decline in their number, there is a great loss of ecological services which impacts the world’s economy This review of honey bee and pollination issues highlights the need of protection and conservation of these important pollinators Research is required to quantify the synergistic effects of potential drivers for current colony loss and to identify the ecotypes and native species of honey bees which are more resistant to pests, pathogens and pesticides

/pdf/honey-bees-apis-mellifera-l-and-pollination-issues-current-444vmmvg90.pdf

Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) and Pollination Issues: Current status, impacts and potential drivers of decline

Efficacy assessment of soft and hard acaricides against Varroa destructor mite infesting honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, through sugar roll method.

The occurrence of resistance in Varroa mite populations is a serious threat to the beekeeping industry and to crops that rely on the honey bee for pollination. Integrated pest management strategies for control of this pest include the judicious use of insecticides. To monitor field populations of Varroa mite for insecticide resistance, a glass vial bioassay procedure was developed to use in the development of a resistance management strategy. Diagnostic concentrations needed to separate susceptible genotypes from resistant individuals were determined for Cypermethrin (0.1 µg per vial), fluvalinate (5.0 µg per vial), malathion (0.01 µg per vial), coumaphos (10.0 µg per vial), diazinon (5.0 µg per vial), methomyl (0.5 µg per vial), propoxur (0.1 µg per vial), and endosulfan (2.5 µg per vial). Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides (malathion, coumaphos) and pyrethroids (cypermetrhrin, fluvalinate) was widespread in both La Media Ranch, TX, and Wewahitchka, FL, from 2007 to 2009. There was no r...

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-economic-entomology/volume-103/issue-5/EC10064/Monitoring-for-Resistance-to-Organophosphorus-and-Pyrethroid-Insecticides-in-Varroa/10.1603/EC10064.pdf

Monitoring for Resistance to Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Varroa Mite Populations

We examined honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies pollinating almonds in California during February 2003 for Paenibacillus larvae subsp. Larvae, the causative organism of the virulent brood disease American foulbrood. Colonies originating from the Rocky Mountain area and California had significantly higher numbers (P or = 400 per 30 bees) differed significantly, with those from the Rocky Mountain region having 8.73% compared with those of the upper Midwest with 0%. The significance of CFU levels was evaluated by inoculating healthy colonies with diseased immatures and sampling adult bees. The number of CFUs detected per diseased immature was conservatively estimated to be approximately 399 CFUs per 30 adult bees. We defined this spore level as 1 disease equivalent. Based on this, 3.86% colonies in our survey had 1 or more disease equivalent number of P. larvae larvae CFUs. Operations with high P. larvae larvae spore levels in their colonies will likely observe American foulbrood if prophylaxis is not practiced diligently.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Economic-Entomology/volume-98/issue-4/0022-0493-98.4.1087/Regional-Distribution-of-Paenibacillus-larvae-subspecies-larvae-the-Causative-Organism/10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1087.pdf

Regional distribution of Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, the causative organism of American foulbrood, in honey bee colonies of the Western United States.

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Monitoring for Resistance to Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Varroa Mite Populations

Regional distribution of Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, the causative organism of American foulbrood, in honey bee colonies of the Western United States.