Superoxide ion (O2•–) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2•– is rather scarce. In addition, numerous studies on O2•– were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technology and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2•– reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2•– so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2•– followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2•– are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chemicals, synthesis of organic compounds, and many other applications are highlighted. The O2•– environmental chemistry is also discussed. The detection methods of O2•– are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the f...

Superoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical Implications

Rotations- und Inversionsprozesse in organischen Molekulen geben sich durch die Temperaturabhangigkeit der NMR-Spektren zu erkennen. Das Studium der Substituenteneffekte auf die Aktivierungsbarrieren solcher Prozesse gestattet die Aufklarung von Reaktionsmechanismen, ferner lassen sich die Stabilitatsgrenzen von Isomeren ermitteln. Die Kenntnis der Stabilitatsgrenzen ist notwendig, um gezielt stabile Rotamere und Invertomere synthetisieren zu konnen.

Nachweis gehinderter Rotationen und Inversionen durch NMR‐Spektroskopie

1H-Nmr was used to measure the rate of cis–trans interconversion of X-Pro bonds in linear and cyclic oligopeptides. k(cis → trans) = 2.5 × 10−3 s−1 at 25°C was found for the zwitterionic form of H-Ala-Pro-OH, in good agreement with earlier measurements. Replacement of Ala by Phe, Tyr, or Trp resulted in a 10-fold slower interconversion rate, whereas after substitution of Ala by His or Glu, the rate decreased only slightly. Independent of the residues X, the interconversion rate was increased by a factor of ca. 20 when the peptide chain was elongated by addition of Ala to the C-terminal Pro. An additional increase by a factor of 6 was observed when going from the protected linear peptide CF3CO-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ala-OCH3 to the closely related cyclic compound c[-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-]. These data are evaluated with regard to their possible use in future studies on the role of X-Pro cis–trans isomerization in the kinetics of protein folding.

Nmr studies of the rates of proline cis–trans isomerization in oligopeptides

Publisher Summary The study of the effects of pressure on biochemical systems is important for many reasons. An understanding of the ways in which temperature, pressure, and the combination of both affect physiological processes is basic to the understanding of the biology of deep sea. This chapter discusses the theory of pressure effects on enzymes, and presents an extensive treatment of the theoretical basis for pressure effects—incorporating contemporary knowledge of enzyme kinetics, physical biochemistry, and high-pressure theory. The three main processes in an enzyme system may be affected by pressure—namely, binding, catalysis, and possibly denaturation. The relative contribution from these processes to the overall pressure effect will always vary from enzyme to enzyme. Factors such as temperature, pressure, pH, concentrations, ionic strength, and salt effects must be considered when pressure effects are discussed. This is because conditions that are optimal to one enzyme may be intolerable to another. The chapter discusses the association–dissociation equilibria of enzymes and volume changes in intermolecular interactions.

The Theory of Pressure Effects on Enzymes

Recent Advances in Atropisomerism

Pressure dependence of weak acid ionization in aqueous buffers

Studies of chemical exchange by nuclear magnetic resonance. III. Internal rotation in N,N-dimethylacetamide-d2 and a structure-reactivity correlation for the rotation reaction of amides

Effect of hydrogen bonding on the barrier to rotation about amide bonds

High pressure studies. IV. Cage effects and activation volumes for homolytic scission reactions

Oxygenation of chloroalkenes by superoxide in aprotic media

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Robert C. Neuman

Author Tools

Chat about Author