This paper gives some well-known, little known, and new results on the problem of generating random elements in groups, with particular emphasis on applications to cryptography. The groups of greatest interest are the group of all orthogonal n × n matrices and the group of all permutations of a set. The chief application is to A. D. Wyner's analog scrambling scheme for voice signals.

Encrypting by random rotations

In a programmable system (10) which includes a processor (11) for executing a program structured from a plurality of subprograms, and a stack cache memory (16) for storing subprogram linkage information, the stack (41) is comprised of frames (40) of equal size. Each frame (40) stores the information linking a subprogram to the immediately preceding subprogram. A set of general registers (44) is implemented in each frame (40). Preferably each frame (40) is comprised of a plurality of blocks (42-45) of an equal number of cache memory words (46). The set of general registers (44) occupies one block (44) of the frame (40). Addressing of individual words (46) in a frame (40) is accomplished via concatenation of a frame pointer (18, 19, 32) a block selector (51, 33), and a word selector (52, 34). Preferably a second memory (12), such as a portion of a main memory, is also included in the system (10) and stores linkage information, such as overflow linkage information. For purposes of communicating with the second memory (12), the cache memory (16) is organized as a buffer.

Stack cache with fixed size stack frames

A four-state ROM is described which reduces conventional two-state ROM matrix size by 50%. The four states are encoded in the matrix by varying device thresholds using multiple ion implants. This is called multilevel technology. The detection of matrix device type is determined by the length of time required for a linearly ramped word line to rise from 0 V to the point where the matrix device is turned on. Peripheral circuitry has been devised to measure this time period and output the device type as a two-bit binary code. A 128K ROM which incorporates the new multilevel matrix cell has been fabricated in 6-/spl mu/m metal gate technology. Die size of the ROM is 208/spl times/213 mils/SUP 2/.

A four-state ROM using multilevel process technology

Complex Dynamic Systems: Dimensionality, Structure and Uncertainty

The problem of dynamic reliability of multiplex control systems under Markovian structural perturbations is reformulated, analyzed, and resolved in the context of stochastic stability and Liapunov's direct method The failures of controllers are identified as states of a Markov process, and stability conditions are provided for a reliable performance of the multiplex control system alternating between operating (stable) and failure (unstable) structural configurations

Multiplex control systems: Stochastic stability and dynamic reliability

Recent trends in the semiconductor industry indicate that very large-scale integration (VLSI) will offer microprocessor designers two conflicting approaches to designing future systems: (1) they can continue the mainstream trend, where VLSI is used to build increasingly complex microprocessors-and where greater complexity is exhibited as more hardware to do functions previously done by software alone; or (2) they can, as proposed by a small number of designers, take the opposite tack and build simpler processors, where more functions are done by software. These two conflicting approaches are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are compared.

More hardware means less software

Ever since World War II, the major military powers have been waging a silent war for control of the “airwaves,” through electronic countermeasures (ECM). Techniques have emerged for disrupting either enemy communications or radar. Infrared and laser systems have been developed to detect or locate targets, guide missiles, or direct artillery fire. With mastery over the airwaves, one side could defeat a more powerful enemy by disrupting the electronic systems that modern military forces depend on.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6/6501927/06501954.pdf

Electronic countermeasures

Discusses the future development of computers for the flight control of future commercial aircraft with a reliability 100000 times as great as present day models.

The `no-downtime' computer

Discusses the security of commercial computer systems and how it may be improved. The magnitude of the threat is claimed to be debatable.

Breaching system security

Discusses technology from US and Japanese manufacturers including NMOS, the 64 kb dynamic RAM, Japanese experimental chips and system software in ROMs.

Solid state. I. VLSI/LSI

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