Although the vast majority of earthquakes that occur in the world each year have natural causes, some of these earthquakes and a number of lesser magnitude seismic events are related to human activities and are called “induced seismic events” or “induced earthquakes.” Induced seismic activity has been documented since at least the 1920s and has been attributed to a range of human activities including the impoundment of large reservoirs behind dams, controlled explosions related to mining or construction, and underground nuclear tests. In addition, energy\ntechnologies that involve injection or withdrawal of fluids from the subsurface can also create induced seismic events that can be measured and felt. Historically known induced seismicity has generally been small in both magnitude and intensity of ground shaking. Recently, several induced seismic events related to energy technology development\nprojects in the United States have drawn heightened public attention. Although none of these events resulted in loss of life or significant structural damage, their effects were felt by local residents, some of whom also experienced minor property damage. Particularly in areas where tectonic (natural) seismic activity is uncommon and energy development is ongoing, these induced seismic events, though small in scale, can be disturbing to the public and raise concern about increased seismic activity and its potential consequences. This report addresses induced seismicity that may be related to four energy development\ntechnologies that involve fluid injection or withdrawal: geothermal energy; conventional oil and gas development including enhanced oil recovery (EOR); shale gas recovery; and carbon capture and storage (CCS). These broad categories of energy technologies are divided into finer\ncategories herein (including underground waste water disposal), to show details of induced seismic events as they relate to specific aspects of each energy technology. The study arose through a request by Senator Bingaman of New Mexico to Department of Energy (DOE) Secretary Stephen Chu. The DOE was asked to engage the National Research Council (NRC) to examine the scale, scope, and consequences of seismicity induced during the injection of fluids\nrelated to energy production; to identify gaps in knowledge and research needed to advance the understanding of induced seismicity; to identify gaps in induced seismic hazard assessment methodologies and the research needed to close those gaps; and to assess options for interim steps toward best practices with regard to energy development and induced seismicity potential. The report responds to this charge and aims to provide an understanding of the nature and scale of induced seismicity caused by or likely related to energy development and guidance as to how best to proceed with safe development of these technologies while minimizing their potential to induce earthquakes that can be felt by the public.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR13/MWS_MAR13-2012-020359.pdf

Induced Seismicity Potential of Energy Technologies

1. Introduction.- 2. Lessons from Notable Events.- 3. Hydrology.- 4. Geology.- 5. Seismology.- 6. materials.- 7. Cofferdams.- 8. Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments.- 9. Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis.- 10. Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment.- 11. Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures.- 12. Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis.- 13. Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment.- 14. Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures.- 15. Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams.- 16. Gravity Dam Design and Analysis.- 17. Arch Dam Design and Analysis.- 18. Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment.- 19. Concrete Dam Performance and Remedial Measures.- 20. Spillway Design and Construction.- 21. Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures.- 22. Outlet Design and Construction.- 23. Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures.- 24. Reservoirs.- 25. Instrumentation.- 26. Surveillance.

Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation

Internal instability describes the loss of soil particles as a result of seepage. Two criteria are commonly used to determine the potential for such instability within a granular soil that is subje...

Comparison of two criteria for internal stability of granular soil

A procedure is proposed to evaluate the triggering of liquefaction in ground subjected to a static shear stress, i.e., sloping ground, using the yield strength ratio, su(yield)/σv0′. Thirty liquefaction flow failures were back analyzed to evaluate shear strengths and strength ratios mobilized at the triggering of liquefaction. Strength ratios mobilized during the static liquefaction flow failures ranged from approximately 0.24 to 0.30 and are correlated to corrected cone and standard penetration resistances. These yield strength ratios and previously published liquefied strength ratios are used to develop a comprehensive liquefaction analysis for ground subjected to a static shear stress. This analysis addresses: (1) liquefaction susceptibility; (2) liquefaction triggering; and (3) post-triggering/flow failure stability. In particular, step (2) uses the yield strength ratio back-calculated from flow failure case histories and the cyclic stress method to incorporate seismic loading.

http://tstark.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/JP44.pdf

Yield strength ratio and liquefaction analysis of slopes and embankments

Foreword Overview and scope Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Part I. The Challenges: 1. World population and pressures on land, water and food resources 2. Issues in inter-basin water transfer Part II. Inter-basin Water Transfer in Australia: 3. Land and water resources of Australia 4. The Snowy Mountains hydro-electric scheme 5. Inter-basin water transfer from coastal basins of New South Wales 6. The Bradfield and Reid Schemes in Queensland 7. Three schemes for flooding Lake Eyre 8. The Goldfields pipeline scheme of Western Australia 9. Supplying Perth, Western Australia with water: the Kimberley pipeline scheme 10. Other schemes in Australia Part III. Inter-basin Water Transfer in Other Selected Countries: 11. Inter-basin water transfer in the United States of America 12. Inter-basin water transfer in Canada 13. Inter-basin water transfer in China 14. India: the National River-Linking Project 15. Inter-basin water transfer, successes, failures and the future Part IV. Appendices: A. Some of the Australian pioneers of inter-basin water transfer B. Construction timetable of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme C. Details of diversion schemes from the Clarence River Basin D. Chronological table of the most important events in the Goldfields Pipeline Scheme, Western Australia E. Flooding of the Sahara depressions F. The Ord River Irrigation Scheme G. The West Kimberley Irrigation Scheme H. Some other water transfer schemes in Australia I. Selected technical features of the Central Valley Project in California J. Selected technical features of the State Water Project in California K. Selected characteristics of some of the completed or proposed inter-basin water transfer projects in Australia, United States, Canada, China and India, in chronological order Glossary Index.

Inter-Basin Water Transfer: Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India

Earthfill dams may be designed with any of a wide range of cross sections and compositions, depending upon the setting. They must be optimum products of the local materials and must harmonize with their sites. One of their principal merits is adaptability to foundations that might be unsuitable for other types of dams. Although earth dams can accommodate difficult site conditions, they still must be provided with foundation support that will keep deformations within acceptable limits.

Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis

Portland cement concrete is inherently durable. Still, some concrete dams may need to be improved because of deficiencies in their design and construction, or as a result of environmental attack. Older dams may suffer from a combination of effects. Common problems include alkali-aggregate reaction, freezing and thawing, leaching, and sulfate attack. Infiltration by aggressive waters may remove essential constituents from the concrete. Soft water moving at a relatively high velocity under pressure may be very detrimental. The extent of deterioration will vary with the composition of the aggregate and that of the cement. Absorptive aggregates may be susceptible to freeze-thaw damage. Where structural cracking has occurred so that water is freely admitted, the effects of leaching and freeze-thaw cycling may be intensified.

Concrete Dam Performance and Remedial Measures

THE FAILURE OF THE BALDWIN HILLS RESERVOIR IN LOS ANGELES IN DECEMBER, 1963, WAS CAUSED BY EARTH MOVEMENT MANIFESTED BY OFFSET AT A FAULT, PERMITTING RELEASE OF WATER INTO A HIGHLY ERODIBLE FOUNDATION. DISPLACEMENT AT THE RESERVOIR IS ATTRIBUTED TO GENERAL LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE VICINITY. THE FINDINGS OF AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOMENA WHICH PRECIPITATED THE DISASTER ARE PRESENTED. SEVERAL POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENT ARE ANALYZED. LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THIS FAILURE ARE OUTLINED. /ASCE/

Earth movement at baldwin hills reservoir

Earth Movement at Baldwin Hills Reservoir

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