In the late 1990s, natural resources such as oil, diamonds, and timber came under increased scrutiny by conflict analysts and media outlets for their purported role in many contemporary wars. This article discusses some of the limitations of conventional arguments linking wars and resources. Dominated by econometric approaches and rational choice theory interpretations, arguments pertaining to “resource wars” often oversimplify or overlook the geographical dimensions of resource-related conflicts. By defining spatiality primarily in terms of the location of resource reserves and flows generating revenues for belligerents, these approaches overlook other geographical aspects of resources crucial to conflicts. Focusing on “conflict diamonds” and drawing on recent international relations works and geographical research on the political ecology of violence, commodity chains, and consumption, the article presents an alternative conceptual framework engaging with resource-related spaces of vulnerability, risk, ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00045600801922422

Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars

The impact of economic factors on colonial imperialism in the late nineteenth century has long been a topic of debate. This article examines the expected relationship between different forms of international investment and different patterns of political ties between developed and developing countries. Drawing on the literature on relational contracts and collective action, it argues that direct colonial control was likely to be associated with cross-border investments whose rents were particularly easy to seize or protect, and whose protection did not require multilateral action. Where such rents were difficult to seize or protect unilaterally, colonialism is expected to be less likely. The most common example of the former sort of investment is primary (raw-materials or agricultural) investment; of the latter, multinational manufacturing affiliates. The argument is weighed against both a survey of the qualitative evidence and some simple quantitative evaluations. The approach also has potential applications to more general problems of international conflict and cooperation.

/pdf/international-investment-and-colonial-control-a-new-52vw283yne.pdf

International Investment and Colonial Control: A New Interpretation

This thesis examines the limits to Anglo-German antagonism and the sources of rapprochement between Britain and Germany, during the approximate period 1905-1914. It thus explores Anglo-German relations before the First World War from a perspective which has up to now been largely neglected, and serves as a corrective to the emphasis on the sources of antagonism which prevails in the English-language historical literature. The study probes Germanophilism among British non-governmental elites, focusing on the commercial, financial and academic communities, as well as cooperative links between the two countries at the non-governmental level before the war. The topics examined include the Anglo-German friendship movement in Britain, ties between British and German commercial interests and Anglo-German economic interdependence, and Anglo-German links in education. The thesis also studies attitudes, including a discussion of British stereotypical images of Germany based on travel accounts. British textbooks on German history that were published before the war are analysed as well as a means of assessing the prewar attitude of British academics, in particular historians, towards Germany. This investigation reveals the strength of the idea of Anglo-German racial kinship, and demonstrates that British historians tended to view Germany favourably before the war. Their attitude, however, changed after the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914. In conclusion, the thesis reappraises the ultimate failure of the 'pro-German' forces in Britain to prevent the outbreak of Anglo-German hostilities in 1914. Its primary aim, nevertheless, is not to argue that the limits to the Anglo-German antagonism could have prevented the First World War, but to demonstrate that they existed and were important.

Germanophilism in Britain : non-governmental elites and the limits to Anglo-German antagonism, 1905-1914

A Severed Umbilicus : Infanticide and the Concealment of Birth in Natal, 1860-1935

/pdf/a-severed-umbilicus-infanticide-and-the-concealment-of-birth-364gn6ay2z.pdf

A severed umbilicus : infanticide and the concealment of birth in Natal, 1860-1935.

The forces presented by what we have termed gentlemanly capitalism rose to prominence in the late 17th century. 1 At their centre stood the powerful landed interest which combined, in the manner of samurai, the prestige of inherited social position with progressive, market-oriented ambitions. Closely associated with the landed elite, and offering it both support and defence, were the “new men” of the emerging service sector, whose innovations in finance, distribution and the professions generated wealth and eventually bestowed social recognition. Important though the manufacturing sector was, it was also less dynamic than is often supposed, and its representatives lacked both prestige and direct access to the “charmed circles” where policy was formulated. In the 18th century, England's mission was concerned less with world conquest than with entrenching domestic political order in the aftermath of the Civil War. But political imperatives at home rapidly became linked to economic and military succ...

IX Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: New imperialism 1850–1945

(1982). Rhodes, de beers, and monopoly. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 311-343.

Rhodes, de beers, and monopoly

(1981). The 1875 black flag revolt on the Kimberley diamond fields. Journal of Southern African Studies: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 194-235.

The 1875 black flag revolt on the Kimberley diamond fields

This article explores an unusual child murder committed by a woman in Bushmanland in 1910. Mietje Bontnaal, a nineteen-year-old domestic servant, murdered Flora Ortman, the seven-year-old daughter of a shepherd. It was a domestic murder that exposed tensions amongst servants in a patriarchal farm household. The article examines the trial record and the subsequent mercy procedure. While the Judge found her guilty, he recommended her to mercy. The Minister of Justice disagreed and recommended that she hang. The Governor-General agreed with the Judge and he commuted her sentence to life imprisonment. It was extremely unusual for a woman to be executed in the Cape at this time. The murder itself raises questions of sex, violence and moral order. While the motive for the crime was irrelevant to the court's finding of guilt, it was an important factor in granting her mercy. In conclusion the article speculates about her motive, central to which was the fact that she was a slave.

The 'Singular Case' of Mietje Bontnaal, the Bushmanland Murderess*

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Rhodes, de beers, and monopoly

The 1875 black flag revolt on the Kimberley diamond fields

The 'Singular Case' of Mietje Bontnaal, the Bushmanland Murderess*