Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

An increasing number of publications concerning data mining in the subject of human resource management (HRM) indicate the presence of a prospering new research field. The current paper reviews this research on HR data mining to systematically uncover recent advancements and suggest areas for future work. Based on the approach of domain driven data mining, an initial framework with significant domain-specific requirements is elaborated. Relevant research contributions are identified and reviewed against the background of this framework. The review reveals that HRM constitutes a noteworthy new domain of data mining research that is dominated by method- and technology-oriented work. However, specific domain requirements, such as evaluating the domain success or complying with legal standards, are frequently not recognized or considered in current research. Therefore, the systematic consideration of domain-specific requirements is demonstrated here to have significant implications for future research on data mining in HRM.

Domain driven data mining in human resource management: A review of current research

Recognizing the activities of workers helps to measure and control safety, productivity, and quality in construction sites. Automated activity recognition can enhance the efficiency of the measurement system. The present study investigates accelerometer-based activity classification for automating the work-sampling process. A methodology is developed for evaluating classifiers for recognizing activities based on the features generated from accelerometer data segments. An experimental study is carried out in instructed and uninstructed modes for classifying masonry activities by using accelerometers attached to the waist of the mason. Three types of classifiers were evaluated, and multilayer perceptron, a neural network classifier, gave the best results. A 50% overlap for data segments enhanced classifier performance. The study showed that the utilization of best features instead of all features did not affect the classification accuracy significantly but reduced the run time considerably. An accuracy of 8...

Accelerometer-Based Activity Recognition in Construction

Improving the detection of autism spectrum disorder by combining structural and functional MRI information

Assigning our input instances to one of some number of distinct classes is one of the fundamental data-mining activities, allowing us a plethora of techniques to address the question “how similar are X and Y?” Once we have a sense of what characterizes such differences (or similarities), it is natural to then ask how we can predict what will come next. There are some specific data preparation challenges that we need to consider and once we have these in mind, we can focus on some of the common methods that are used by researchers. Linear regression is by far the most common method used for prediction, but decision trees and a very simple algorithm, 1R, provide valuable insight into our datasets without a huge amount of work being necessary. As we increase the sophistication of our models, the concept of the nearest neighbor becomes more important, and, following that, we discuss some aspects of Bayesian modeling and neural networks. The AutoClass algorithm has proven itself many times, and this is included as a practical method that is readily available in several implementation technologies, allowing it to be used somewhat out-of-the-box. Feature representation using alphabet sets is an obvious application area and we discuss that next before considering the k-means method and a discussion on some of the different distance measures we can use in our classification and prediction efforts. Finally, we hone in on the question of accuracy: how we measure it, what it means, and how to improve it. We include the widely used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) technique at this point also. Accuracy is directly coupled with our ability to accurately (sic) separate instances in different classes from each other.

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Classification and Prediction

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Classification and Prediction