A simple core control code is developed for the control of a nuclear reactor in the load following operation. The core state equations are described by the one-group diffusion equation with moderat...

Direct Numerical Technique of Mathematical Programming for Optimal Control of Xenon Oscillation in Load Following Operation

A multilevel method is applied to the load-following control of a boiling water reactor using a nodal reactor model with practical operational constraints and thermal limits. Due to the very large size of the problem, a decomposition is made using hierarchical control techniques. The optimization of the resulting subproblems is performed using the feasible direction method. An objective functional, of quadratic form, is defined to reflect the control objective, namely to achieve the desired thermal power (tracking) with minimum effort, returning to the initial xenon and iodine concentration as closely as possible. Nodal source equation and discretized Xe-I dynamic equations are formulated as equality constraints, while the linear heat generation rate and the rate of power increase are formulated as inequality constraints. Core flow and control rod position are the control variables. A simplified model of the core is used, with 4 x 4 fuel assemblies that have one control rod at the center.

Optimal control of a boiling water reactor in load-following via multilevel methods

Optimal control techniques can be classified into four categories: heuristic, variational, dynamic programming, and functional analysis. The heuristic method is an intuitive or “common sense” appro...

Practicality of and benefits from the applications of optimal control to pressurized water reactor maneuvers

The fuzzy logic controller was developed to control load-follow operations in pressurized water reactors. The reactor core characteristics change according to different fuel cycles or core exposures, thus making a nonlinear time-varying control problem. This proposed method, however, does not require a mathematical model to design the controller, and so avoids redesigning or tuning controller gain for various cores. Clearly, this method is very suitable for reactor load-following operation control. The control system has two subsystems: one is to track the desired power, and the other is to keep axial offset close to the target value. Both controllers use fuzzy logic: one is the conventional type, and the other uses fuzzy logic to tune the parameters of the controller so the controller can correspond to various core characteristics. Simulation results show that the control system performs well for different cores, and so this system is useful for load-follow operation.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18811248.1994.9735171

Application of Fuzzy Logic Controller to Load-Follow Operations in Pressurized Water Reactors.

/pdf/nuclear-reaction-control-by-multistage-mathematical-3tvti1hogb.pdf

Nuclear-Reaction Control by Multistage Mathematical-Programming

The problem of controlling the total power and power distribution in a large pressurized water reactor (PWR) core to follow a known time-varying load schedule has been formulated as a multistage optimization problem. The control problem is solved subject to hard constraints, which can be applied on total power, control variables and their rate of change, local power densities and their rate of change, and on more global power distribution measures such as axial and quadrant offsets. Based on a three-dimensional linearized nodal core model with some slightly nonlinear features, the optimal control problem is solved by quadratic programming. The method, called multistage mathematical programming, has been studied in simulations. A large PWR core, which was unstable with respect to both axial and azimuthal xenon oscillations, was represented by a simplified three-dimensional nonlinear nodal core simulator model. The three-dimensional oscillations were successfully damped at constant load, and an efficient anticipatory control was obtained for load cycling operation.

Core Control Optimization for Scheduled Load Changes in Large Pressurized Water Reactors

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Core Control Optimization for Scheduled Load Changes in Large Pressurized Water Reactors