This paper describes the influence of the curing temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of three structural adhesives. This work was undertaken to improve the understanding of the effect of curing temperature in the glass transition temperature, T g , and stiffness of epoxy adhesives. The mechanical properties (Young's modulus and yield strength) of the adhesives were measured in bulk specimens. T g was measured by a dynamic mechanical analysis using an in-house developed apparatus. The curing process was the same for all tests, consisting of a curing stage followed by a post cure stage. The initial stage was performed at different temperatures. T g and the mechanical properties was found to vary as a function of the cure temperature of the adhesive. When cured below the cure temperature, T cure , at which the T g of the fully cured network, T g ∞, is achieved, the strength and stiffness of the adhesive increase as the cure temperature increases and the T g is higher than the cure temperatu...

Effect of Cure Temperature on the Glass Transition Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesives

Structural, morphological and thermal behaviour characterisations of fish gelatin film incorporated with basil and citronella essential oils as affected by surfactants

Given the complexity in composition and the various environmental conditions to which foods and pharmaceuticals are exposed during processing and storage, stability, functionality, and quality are key attributes that deserve careful attention. Quality and stability of foods and pharmaceuticals are mainly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and time, and for processing conditions (e.g., shear, pressure) under which they may undergo physical and chemical transformations. Glass transition is a key phenomenon which is useful to understand how external conditions affect physical changes on materials. Consequently, theories that predict and describe the glass transition phenomenon are of a great interest not only for the food industry but also it extends to the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. It is important to emphasize that the materials of relevance in these industries are interchangeably sharing similar issues on functionality and their association with the glass transition phenomenon. Development of new materials and understanding the physicochemical behavior of existing ones require a scientific foundation that translates into safe and high-quality foods, improved quality of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with lower risk to patients, and functional efficacy of polymers used in food and medicinal products. This review addresses the glass transition phenomenon from a kinetics and thermodynamics standpoint by presenting existing models that are able to estimate the glass transition temperature. It also explores traditional and novel methods used for the characterization of the glass transition phenomenon.

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

Lignin-grafted copolymers, namely lignin-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) (lignin-g-P(MMA-co-BA)), are synthesized via "grafting from" atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with the aid of lignin-based macroinitiators. By manipulating the monomer feed ratios of MMA/BA, grafted copolymers with tunable glass transition temperatures (-10-40 °C) are obtained. These copolymers are evaluated as sustainable thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). The results suggest that the mechanical properties of these TPEs lignin-g-P(MMA-co-BA) copolymers are improved significantly by comparing with those of linear P(MMA-co-BA) copolymer counterparts, and the elastic strain recovery is nearly 70%. Lignin-g-P(MMA-co-BA) copolymers exhibit high absorption in the range of the UV spectrum, which might allow for applications in UV-blocking coatings.

UV-absorbent lignin-based multi-arm star thermoplastic elastomers.

The effects of post-curing and cure temperature on the glass transition temperature, T g, and the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives were studied. T g was measured by a dynamic mechanical analysis apparatus developed in-house and the mechanical properties of the adhesives (yield strength, Young’s modulus and failure strain) were measured by a tensile machine. The relationships between T g and mechanical performance under various post-cure conditions were investigated. The curing process was the same for all tests, consisting of an initial stage performed at different temperatures followed by cooling at room temperature. Three sets of specimens were considered, sharing the same initial cure process, but with a different post-curing procedure. In the first set, the specimens were only subjected to a curing process; in the second set, the specimens were subjected to a curing process followed by a post-cure performed at a temperature below the T g of the fully cured network, T g∞; and in the third set, ...

Effect of post-cure on the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives

Determination of the glass transition temperature of latex films: Comparison of various methods

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Determination of the glass transition temperature of latex films: Comparison of various methods