Although many energy efficient/conserving routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks, the concentration of data traffic towards a small number of base stations remains a major threat to the network lifetime. The main reason is that the sensor nodes located near a base station have to relay data for a large part of the network and thus deplete their batteries very quickly. The solution we propose in this paper suggests that the base station be mobile; in this way, the nodes located close to it change over time. Data collection protocols can then be optimized by taking both base station mobility and multi-hop routing into account. We first study the former, and conclude that the best mobility strategy consists in following the periphery of the network (we assume that the sensors are deployed within a circle). We then consider jointly mobility and routing algorithms in this case, and show that a better routing strategy uses a combination of round routes and short paths. We provide a detailed analytical model for each of our statements, and corroborate it with simulation results. We show that the obtained improvement in terms of network lifetime is in the order of 500%.

/pdf/joint-mobility-and-routing-for-lifetime-elongation-in-10syy09rwy.pdf

Joint mobility and routing for lifetime elongation in wireless sensor networks

https://www.eecs.ucf.edu/~turgut/Research/Publications/Download/Boukerche-2011-ComputerNetworks.pdf

Survey Paper: Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey

Surveillance has been a typical application of wireless sensor networks. To conduct surveillance of a given area in real life, one can use stationary watch towers, or can also use patrolling sentinels. Comparing them to solutions in sensor network surveillance, all current coverage based methods fall into the first category. In this paper, we propose and study patrol-based surveillance operations in sensor networks. Two patrol models are presented: the coverage-oriented patrol and the on-demand patrol. They achieve one of the following goals, respectively, i) to achieve surveillance of the entire field with low power drain but still bounded delay of detection; ii) to use an on-demand manner to achieve user initiated surveillance only to interested places. We propose the "SENSTROL" protocol to fulfill the patrol setup procedure for both models. With the implementation in the GloMoSim simulator, it is shown that patrol on arbitrary path can be set up in a network where each node follows a 98%-time-sleep-2%-time-wake power schedule.

Virtual patrol: a new power conservation design for surveillance using sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have attracted much attention in recent years for its unique characteristics and wide use in many different applications. Routing protocol is one of key technologies in WSN. In this paper, the position-based routing protocols are surveyed and classified into four categories: flooding-based, curve-based, grid-based and ant algorithm-based intelligent. To each category, the main contribution of related routing protocols is shown including the relationship among the routing protocols. The different routing algorithms in the same category and the different categories are compared based on popular metrics. Moreover, some open research directions in WSN are also discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/2/1/158/pdf?view=inline

A Survey on Position-Based Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks

Highly dynamic mobile wireless networks present unique challenges to end-to-end communication, particularly caused by the time varying connectivity of high-velocity nodes combined with the unreliability of the wireless communication channel. Addressing these challenges requires the design of new protocols and mechanisms specific to this environment. Our research explores the tradeoffs in the location of functionality such as error control and location management for high-velocity multihop airborne sensor networks and presents cross-layer optimizations between the MAC, link, network, and transport layers to enable a domain specific network architecture, which provides high reliability for telemetry applications. We have designed new transport, network, and routing protocols for this environment: TCP-friendly AeroTP, IP-compatible AeroNP, and AeroRP, and show significant performance improvement over the traditional TCP/IP/MANET protocol stack.

Cross-layer architectural framework for highly-mobile multihop airborne telemetry networks

Routing in ad hoc networks is a complicated task because of many reasons. The nodes are low-memory, low-powered, and they cannot maintain routing tables large enough for well-known routing protocols. Because of that, greedy forwarding at intermediate nodes is desirable in ad hoc networks. Also, for traffic engineering, multi-path capabilities are important. So, it is desirable to define routes at the source like in source based routing (SBR) while performing greedy forwarding at intermediate nodes. We investigate trajectory-based routing (TBR) which was proposed as a middle-ground between SBR and greedy forwarding techniques. In TBR, source encodes trajectory to be traversed and embeds it into each packet. Upon the arrival of each packet, intermediate nodes decode the trajectory and employ greedy forwarding techniques such that the packet follows its trajectory as much as possible. In this paper, we address various issues regarding implementation of TBR. We also provide techniques to efficiently forward packets along a trajectory defined as a parametric curve. We use the well-known Bezier parametric curve for encoding trajectories into packets at source. Based on this trajectory encoding, we develop and evaluate various greedy forwarding algorithms

An implementation framework for trajectory-based routing in ad hoc networks

Routing in ad-hoc networks is a complicated task because of many reasons. The nodes are low-memory, low-powered, and they cannot maintain routing tables large enough for well-known routing protocols. Because of that, greedy forwarding at intermediate nodes is desirable in ad-hoc networks. Also, for traffic engineering, multi-path capabilities are important. So, it is desirable to define routes at the source like in source based routing (SBR) while performing greedy forwarding at intermediate nodes. In this paper, we investigate trajectory-based routing (TBR) which was proposed as a middle-ground between SBR and greedy forwarding techniques. We address various issues regarding implementation of TBR. We also provide techniques to efficiently forward packets along a trajectory defined as a parametric curve.

/pdf/an-implementation-framework-for-trajectory-based-routing-in-zsn1qm3ytb.pdf

An implementation framework for trajectory-based routing in ad-hoc networks

In the current bandwidth market, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide guaranteed Internet bandwidth within their domains. However, they are incapable of providing such assurances for data crossing their domain boundaries. In this paper, we present a spot pricing scheme for Internet bandwidth contracts within an ISP domain. These models when implemented at access or exchange points of different ISP domains would provide assured bandwidth for interdomain traffic. Each contract will constitute a Quality of Service agreement between a customer and a provider within an ISP domain. By appropriately bundling derivative contracts defined on the intra-domain service contracts, a provider will not only be able to give inter-domain Quality of Service assurance, but will be able to add new services and manage its portfolio of services.

Asset price modeling: a spot pricing framework to enable pricing and risk management of inter-domain assured bandwidth services

In the current bandwidth market, Internet service providers (ISP) provide guaranteed Internet bandwidth within their domains However, they are incapable of providing such assurances for data crossing their domain boundaries In this paper, we present a spot pricing scheme for Internet bandwidth contracts within an ISP domain These models when implemented at access or exchange points of different ISP domains would provide assured bandwidth for interdomain traffic Each contract constitutes a quality of service agreement between a customer and a provider within an ISP domain By appropriately bundling derivative contracts defined on the intra-domain service contracts, a provider will not only be able to give inter-domain quality of service assurance, but will be able to add new services and manage its portfolio of services

/pdf/a-spot-pricing-framework-to-enable-pricing-and-risk-2l5s3198cw.pdf

A spot pricing framework to enable pricing and risk management of inter-domain assured bandwidth services

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An implementation framework for trajectory-based routing in ad hoc networks

An implementation framework for trajectory-based routing in ad-hoc networks

Asset price modeling: a spot pricing framework to enable pricing and risk management of inter-domain assured bandwidth services

A spot pricing framework to enable pricing and risk management of inter-domain assured bandwidth services