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The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development

.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Author’s Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10 The Girl Powering of International Development ............................................................................. 11 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 15 Outline of the Thesis ......................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 – Girls, Agency and Development Discourses ...................................................................... 22 Feminisms, Gender and International Development ....................................................................... 24 Postcolonial Critiques of Discursive Constructions of ‘Race’ and Gender in Development Discourses .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Neoliberalism and Postfeminism ...................................................................................................... 33 Girls, Resistance and Agency in International Development ............................................................ 37 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................... 42 Theoretical Orientation ..................................................................................................................... 42 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................................... 46 Girls’ Activism ................................................................................................................................ 46 Negotiating Discourse ................................................................................................................... 48 Constructions of Northern and Southern Girlhoods as Opposing Subject Positions.................... 52 Northern Girlhood as Spectacular ................................................................................................ 54 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 4: Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 57 The Girl Up Discourse ........................................................................................................................ 57 Girls’ Negotiation of the Girl Up Discourse ....................................................................................... 63 Recruitment of Participants .......................................................................................................... 67 Fieldwork Locations ...................................................................................................................... 70 Focus Group Practicalities ............................................................................................................. 73 Data Transcription and Sorting ..................................................................................................... 76 Analysis of the Co-construction of Meaning ................................................................................. 78 Research Ethics ................................................................................................................................. 82 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 5 – The Girl Up Discourse ........................................................................................................ 87 Girl Up Resources and the Instrumentalist Case for Investing in Girls ............................................. 88

"Outside of what the UN want us to do" : girls' agency, feminist activism and the negotiation of girl power discourses in 'Girl Up'

This article considers the implications of incorporating participatory video in International Relations (IR) research. Drawing on existing aesthetic and visual IR research, I critically reflect on ...

Participatory video: a new outlook for international relations research

The disastrous consequences for the rights and physical and psychological protection of women during the wars of the 1990s, primarily in Somalia, Rwanda and Ex-Yugoslavia, shifted the focus of the United Nations (UN) Security Council towards human security and the protection of women. Due to advocating by women’s groups like the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and strong impulses from the 1995 Fourth Conference on Women in Beijing to include gender mainstreaming perspectives in all UN peace operations, the UN Security Council put gender in peace and security, especially the role of women, on its agenda.

Women, Peace and Security: A Global Agenda in the Making

Analysis of intersecting social inequalities is key to effective, inclusive interventions in crisis settings. Gender equality and social inclusion analytical frameworks provide key research questions and participatory methodologies which seek to understand: Who is excluded? How are they excluded? Why are they excluded? What can be done to address this and support greater inclusion? There is a focus on underlying power dynamics, drivers of marginalisation, and entry points for external support. This rapid review presents a summary of relevant analytical frameworks and good practice for analysing intersecting social inequalities in crisis settings. The focus is on how to undertake contextual analysis of the vulnerabilities and needs of people in crises that are shaped by overlapping and compounding social inequalities, arising from discrimination based on gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression and sex characteristics, ethnicity and religion (among other identifiers). The review draws on and presents prior research that identified relevant analytical frameworks, learning and key resources on how to undertake this type of analysis, through a rapid literature search and input by key experts. It summarises a range of frameworks relevant for analysing intersecting social inequalities in crisis settings, developed for various development, humanitarian and peacebuilding objectives. It was harder to find published learning from undertaking this analysis that focuses specifically on crisis settings, but it was possible to draw findings from some individual case studies as well as relevant summaries of learning presented in the analytical frameworks and other guidance materials.

Analysing Intersecting Social Inequalities in Crisis Settings

Drawing from our experience as young feminists working with an emerging feminist advocacy collective focused on addressing violence against women and girls (VAWG), our article focuses on so...

Young feminists working globally to end violence against women and girls: key challenges and ways forward

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Young feminists working globally to end violence against women and girls: key challenges and ways forward