The mineralogy, chemistry, and physics of tropical soils with variable charge clays (book review)

At the global level, sustainable horticulture faces many challenges due to climate changes in addition to limitations in water and land resources. Nanotechnology is an innovate strategy for sustainable agricultural development. This eco-friendly technology is becoming vital in modern agricultural practices, due to its role in improving plants production, protection with environmental security, biological supportability and financial steadiness. Production of nano-fertilizers is considered as the most important alternative to the conventional fertilizers and pesticides, due to their potential roles in crop production, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and mitigating the adverse impacts in soil.  The aims of the current study were to highlight nanotechnology in terms of several important definitions including; nano-fertilization, biosynthesis of nano-fertilizers and the use of nanomaterial as an alternative to the traditional mineral fertilizers. This is in addition to the control of nutrient release in the soil, nanoparticles (NPs) role in enhancing the bio-agent activity, and the fate of nanomaterials in plants with respect to the toxicological data of any nano-product.

https://nrmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_107540_38afab3577b32e9fc9fecb79a6e79eb9.pdf

Nano-fertilizers: Bio-fabrication, application and biosafety

Volcanic soil is soil developed from pyroclastic materials released during the volcanic eruption. Althought the soil is fertile, it is mostly occurred in steep sloping highland that is critical to landslide and volcanic eruption. This paper discussed the characteristics and distribution of volcanic soils in sloping dry land, completed with the potential and constraints of their use for agricultural development. This information supports the zonation program of agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Volcanic soils distributed on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi and North Maluku. Mostly characterized by black or brownish A horizon and yellowish B horizon, crumb soil structure, crumbly consistency, high organic matter content, and low bulk density. The primary mineral composed by hyperstein, amphibole, augite, andesine, volcanic glass, plagioclase, labradorite, olivine, sanidin, apatite and biotite. The secondary minerals are d allophane, imogolit, ferrihydrite, halloysite, kaolinite and gibsite. Soil reaction vary from very acid to neutral with medium nitrogen content (on average). The potential P is low except in volcanic soils in Java. The P retention is high. The Cation exchange capacity varies from moderate to very high. The morphological, chemical and physical properties are good for supporting plant growth, except for those with high P retention. The land suitability classes are very suitable (S1) to marginally suitable (S3) for highland horticultural crops (vegetables and fruits) and estate crop plantations (tea, arabica coffee, and quinine). The limiting factors are relief/slope/erosion hazard and low soil fertility. These limiting factors can be eliminated by applying good agricultural and conservation practices that balance between land sustainability and productivity aspects. Keywords: Volcanic soils, pyroclastic, characteristics, potential  Abstrak Tanah vulkanik terbentuk dari bahan piroklastika hasil erupsi gunung berapi dan sebagian besar berada di dataran tinggi lahan kering berlereng sehingga rawan longsor. Makalah ini membahas karakteristik dan penyebaran tanah vulkanik pada lahan kering berlereng, serta potensi dan kendala pemanfaatannya untuk pengembangan pertanian. Informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk mendukung program pewilayahan komoditas pertanian di Indonesia. Tanah vulkanik menyebar di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, dan Maluku Utara, sebagian mempunyai horison A berwarna hitam atau kecokelatan dan horison B berwarna kekuningan, struktur tanah remah, konsistensi gembur, kandungan bahan organik tinggi, dan berat isi rendah. Mineral primernya terdiri atas hiperstein, amfibol, augit, gelas vulkanik, plagioklas, olivin, sanidin, apatit dan biotit. Mineral sekunder tanah terdiri atas alofan, imogolit, ferihidrit, haloisit, kaolinit dan gibsit. Reaksi tanah bervariasi dari masam sampai netral, kandungan nitrogen tergolong sedang, kandungan P potensial rendah kecuali tanah vulkanik di sekitar kawasan gunung berapi di Jawa yang mengandung P dan retensi P tinggi. Kapasitas tukar kation tanah vulkanik tergolong sedang sampai sangat tinggi. Sifat morfologi, kimia, dan fisik tanah tersebut menunjang pertumbuhan tanaman, kecuali retensi P-nya tinggi. Tingkat kesesuaian lahan sangat sesuai (S1) sampai sesuai marjinal (S3) untuk usaha tani komoditas hortikultura dataran tinggi (sayuran dan buah-buahan) dan tanaman perkebunan (teh, kopi arabika dan kina) dengan faktor pembatas kondisi wilayah berlereng yang berpotensi erosi. Berdasarkan faktor pembatas tersebut maka komoditas dan teknologi yang diterapkan pada tanah vulkanik perlu mengacu pada tingkat kesesuaian lahan dan diikuti oleh usaha konservasi sejak awal agar tanah dapat digunakan untuk pertanian secara berkesinambungan. Kata kunci: Tanah vulkanik, piroklastika, karakteristik, potensi

https://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jppp/article/download/9683/9011

TANAH VULKANIK DI LAHAN KERING BERLERENG DAN POTENSINYA UNTUK PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA / Volcanic Soils in Sloping Dry Land and Its Potential for Agriculture in Indonesia

Evaluation of nutrient status in soil is important for nutritional, environmental, and economical aspects. The objective of this work was to find out the most suitable universal extractant for determination of available phosphorus (P) and nitrate (NO3-) and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) from soils using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.01 M barium chloride (BaCl2), 0.1 M BaCl2, 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl2), Mehlich 3, and ammonium bicarbonate diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractants. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa, and Humbo Districts), and Dire Dawa Administrative Council by purposive sampling. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results indicated that the greatest correlations were found between Mehlich 3 and Olsen method and also between 0.02 M SrCl2...

Evaluation of Universal Extractants for Determination of Some Macronutrients from Soil

Soil surface charge and cation exchange are important parameters of soil fertility in tropical soils. This study was conducted to investigate characteristics of surface charges and cation exchanges on four soil orders of the dryland in  Aceh Besar district. The soil order includes Entisols Jantho (05 o 16’58.41” N; 95 o 37’51.82” E), Andisols Saree (05 o 27'15.6" N; 95 o 44'09,1" E), Inceptisols Cucum (05o18’18,37” N; 95o32’48,04” E), dan Oxisols Lembah Seulawah (05 o 27’19,4” N; 95 o 46’19,2” E). The charge characteristics of surface charge are evaluated from the parameter of DpH (pH H2O -pH KCl ), variable charge (Vc), permanent charge (Pc), and point of zero charges (PZC). In contrast, cation exchange properties are evaluated from several soil chemical properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), base saturation (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and effective CEC (E CEC ). The results show that the four pedons of soil in the hilly dryland of Aceh Besar include a variable charge because it has a PZC, which is characterized by a negative surface charge with a PZC of Oxisols > Entisols > Inceptisols. The total CEC value differs considerably from ECEC and the sum of cations. CEC total of the soils varies from 12.8 – 34.4 cmol kg -1 , whereas the ECEC values vary from 2.72 – 8.66 cmol kg -1 . The highest variable charge percentage is found in Andisols Saree. In contrast, the highest permanent charge is found in Inceptisols Cucum and is positively correlated with pH H20 , PZC, CEC, and sums of cations or ECEC. Improving soil quality in hilly dryland soils in Aceh Besar District can be done by decreasing the PZC status of soils with organic amendments and fertilizers or increasing the pH by using liming.

/pdf/charge-characteristics-and-cation-exchanges-properties-of-2k9x9g5b7r.pdf

Charge Characteristics and Cation Exchanges Properties of Hilly Dryland Soils Aceh Besar, Indonesia

Soils in Indonesia are dominated by variable charge soils where the technology like fertilization did not give the same result as the soils with permanent charge. The objectives of this research is to increase some chemical characteristic of variable charge soils by using the high negative charge ameliorations like rock phosphate in nanoparticle combined with biofertilizer. The research used a complete randomized experimental design in factorial with two factors. The first factor was nanoparticle of rock phosphate consists of four doses on soil weight percentage (0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%). The second factor was biofertilizer consisted of two doses (without biofertilizer and 1 g.kg−1 soil biofertilizer). The combination treatments replicated three times. Variable charge soil used was Andisol. Andisol and the treatments were incubated for 4 months. Soil samples were taken after one and four months during incubation period to be analyzed for P-retention, available P and potential P. The result showed that all combinations of rock phosphate and biofertilizer decreased the P-retention to 75-77% after one month. Independently, application of 7.5% of rock phosphate decreased P-retention to 87.22% after four months, increased available P (245.37 and 19.12 mg.kg−1) and potential P (1354.78 and 3000.99 mg/100) after one and four months. Independently, biofertilizer increased the P-retention to 91.66% after four months, decreased available P to 121.55 mg.kg−1 after one month but increased to 12.55 mg.kg−1 after four months, decreased potential P to 635.30 after one month but increased to 1810.40 mg.100 g−1 after four months.

Application of nanoparticle of rock phosphate and biofertilizer in increasing some soil chemical characteristics of variable charge soil

The volcanic ash can not be used as crop growth media directly due to lack of physical characteristics and low rate of plant’s nutrient. With addition of other components (elements) such as organic matter and mineral soil, this mixed media expected to empower the volcanic ash used as growth media for crops. To realize this idea, a research was done with maize as a crop indicator. This study was conducted to find out the combination effects of Merapi volcanic ash, cow manure and mineral soil on organic carbon, total N, organic matter and growth of maize ( Zea mays L . ). During April to July 2011, in the pot under the glass house at Faculty of Agricultural Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor-West Java at about 740 m above sea level. The experiment used a randomized block design which arranged in one factor, nine treatments and three replications. The nine treatments consisted of: 0% volcanic ash + 50% cow manure + 50% mineral soil (I), 40% volcanic ash + 10% cow manure + 50% mineral soil (II), 30% volcanic ash + 20% cow manure + 50 mineral soil (III), 20% volcanic ash + 30% cow manure + 50% mineral soil (IV), 10% volcanic ash + 40% cow manure + 50% mineral soil (V), 40% volcanic ash + 50% cow manure + 10% mineral soil (VI), 30% volcanic ash + 50% cow manure + 20% mineral soil (VII), 20% volcanic ash + 50% cow manure + 30% mineral soil (VIII), and 10% volcanic ash + 50% cow manure + 40% mineral soil (IX). The data were analyzed by using Anova Test and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The result showed that there were significant effects of mixed media (volcanic ash, cow manure and mineral soil) on organic carbon, total N, organic matter and plant growth of maize. The highest organic carbon (4.6%) and organic matter (8.08%) was found in combination (treatment VII): 30% volcanic ash, 50% cow manure and 20% mineral soils. Combination in treatment IX: combination of 10% ash volcano, 40% cow manure and 50% mineral soil gave a significant scored on total N.

/pdf/effect-of-different-mixed-media-merapi-volcanic-ash-cow-406ygen6mb.pdf

Effect of Different Mixed Media (Merapi Volcanic Ash, Cow Manure and Mineral Soil) on Chemical Properties of Soil and Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)

/pdf/pengaruh-macam-bahan-organik-terhadap-nilai-ph-ph0-retensi-p-1flt5dkybq.pdf

Pengaruh Macam Bahan Organik terhadap Nilai pH, pH0, Retensi P dan P tersedia pada Andisol Asal Ciater

The efforts to utilize the agricultural land need a proper understanding of the soil characteristics. The soil characteristics themselves are influenced by the factors that regulate and control the soil forming and pedogenesis processes. The main soil forming factors in this study was the different ages and composition of parent materials from the eruption of Mt. Tangkuban Parahu in West Java. This research was done to comprehend the pedogenesis and to figure out the soil classifications that developed in two geological formations (Qyd and Qvu) and two ages of eruption (Holocene and Pleistocene) of Mt. Tangkuban Parahu. The study was conducted in Ciater, Subang Regency and Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency in West Java Province. The study consisted of four stages: preparation, field survey and soil sampling, laboratory analysis and presenting the report. The results showed that Pedon of Jatinangor consisted of three different stratifications of ages. The clay mineralogical composition was dominated by kaolinite, whereas mineralogical composition of the sandy fractions (heavy fractions) was augite-hypersthene. Pedon of Ciater also consists of three different stratifications of age. The clay mineralogical composition was dominated by allophane, while mineralogical compositions of the sandy fractions (heavy fractions) were green amphibole-hypersthene in the overlying horizons and amphibole-augite in the underlying horizons. The stage of soil formation on both pedon were cambic or viril. The soil classification according to Soil Taxonomy were Acrudoxic Durudands, medial over loamy-skeletal, isohyperthermic in Ciater Pedon and Fluventic Eutrudepts, fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic in Jatinangor Pedon. Key words: slow sand filter, activated carbon, silica sand, sand, gravel, zeolite

/pdf/pedogenesis-dan-klasifikasi-tanah-yang-berkembang-dari-dua-35leouw2l4.pdf

Pedogenesis Dan Klasifikasi Tanah Yang Berkembang Dari Dua Formasi Geologi Dan Umur Bahan Erupsi Gunung Tangkuban Perahu

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v7i4.149 Melanic and fulvic Andisols are the great groups in the classification of volcanic soils Andisols, which describe the soils with high organic carbon content in the epipedon. The organic C must be more than 6% in the upper 30 cm with the value and chroma are 2 or less for melanic and more than 2 for fulvic. Melanic epipedon also has to have the melanic index that is 1.70 or less. The objective of this study is to investigate the melanic and fulvic Andisols in volcanic soils that developed under pine forest vegetation (Pinus merkusii) from different parent materials and ages of Mount Tangkuban Parahu (andesitic, Holocene) and Mount Tilu (basaltic, Pleistocene). The method used was a descriptive comparative survey of three profiles in Mount Tangkuban Parahu and three profiles in Mount Tilu. Analyses were done for each horizon in the profiles comprising the investigation of andic soil properties through the analyses of organic C, bulk density, Al + ½ Fe (ammonium oxalate), and P-retention. The investigations were continued by further calculation of organic C content and by investigation of soil colour with Munsell Soil Colour Chart. The results showed that the two profiles in Mount Tangkuban Parahu and two profiles in Mount Tilu are fulvic Andisol. No melanic Andisols were found in both locations. Pine forest vegetation encourages the formation of fulvic Andisols were derived from andesitic-Holocene parent materials or basaltic-Pleistocene parent materials.

http://ijog.bgl.esdm.go.id/index.php/IJOG/article/download/149/149

Melanic and Fulvic Andisols in Volcanic Soils derived from some Volcanoes in West Java

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