We review the command and control (C2) literature to develop a comprehensive understanding of C2 systems and identify network evaluation methods. C2 is the recursive process of sharing the intent of decision-makers across organizations, turning intent into action, monitoring success, and adjusting goals to meet changing needs. Although substantial C2 research exists, the literature remains isolated by application context, and advances are rarely integrated. Our review identifies research in military, emergency response, civilian infrastructure, and management literature that inform the analysis of C2 systems. We organize C2 research with theory from Network Centric Warfare and complex systems to integrate knowledge across broad disciplines and applications. The review organizes studies across four interrelated domains (i.e., physical, information, social, and cognitive), presents system design and evaluation constraints across sub-systems, and offers practical considerations for advancing C2 theory. The review also catalogues network evaluation methods used to study C2 agility, i.e., the ability to successfully effect, cope with, and/or exploit changes in circumstances. Together, this paper supports the organizing, integration, and advancement of knowledge for the influential, yet broad research subject of C2.

Network Foundation for Command and Control (C2) Systems: Literature Review

The purpose of emergency evacuation is to move people away from a dangerous place because of a threat or an occurrence of a natural or a human-caused disastrous event. Although research has investigated emergency evacuations during hurricanes and nuclear power plant disasters, there is a lack of comprehensive, interdisciplinary research on urban evacuation planning by the use of surface transportation networks, especially for terrorist-induced emergencies. Recent disasters reveal how different factors hinder emergency evacuations in urban areas. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate how these factors should be taken into account in establishing an urban evacuation strategy. To achieve this goal, a framework for an integrated urban emergency evacuation contingency plan (IUE2CP) was developed to provide a basis for creating an emergency evaluation preparedness system. Such a system can raise public awareness of the evacuation procedures and provide guidelines for municipal governments. First, the paper...

Integrated Urban Evacuation Planning Framework for Responding to Human-Caused Disasters over a Surface Transportation Network

The Global Positioning System (GPS) looks set to replace the traditional map and compass for navigation tasks in military and civil domains. However, we may ask whether GPS has a real performance advantage over traditional methods. We present an exploratory study using a waypoint-plotting task to compare the standard magnetic compass against a military GPS unit, for both expert and non-expert navigators. Whilst performance times were generally longer in setting up the GPS unit, once navigation was underway the GPS was more efficient than the compass. For medium- to long-term missions, this means that GPS could offer significant performance benefits, although the compass remains superior for shorter missions. Notwithstanding the performance times, significantly more errors, and more serious errors, occurred when using the compass. Overall, then, the GPS offers some clear advantages, especially for non-expert users. Nonetheless, concerns over the development of cognitive maps remain when using GPS technologies.

/pdf/where-do-we-go-from-here-an-assessment-of-navigation-5bj28ftzuu.pdf

Where do we go from here? An assessment of navigation performance using a compass versus a GPS unit

This article examines sensemaking in complex peace operations. The article’s key argument is that adaptation to ‘the local’ and its complexity requires sensemaking, and that sensemaking helps to di...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13533312.2021.1951611

Sensemaking Processes in Complex Peace Operations: A Means of Adapting to the Dynamism of ‘the Local’

This paper presents a case study about communication between workers during shift changes based on empirical research at a continuously operating industrial operation. The premises of Situation Awareness (SA) and Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) are the theoretical lens for conducting the present study. The objective of the study is the probabilistic modeling of the SA of process operators by means of complementarity among the premises of SA and DSA during shift change. The methodology used semi-structured interviews that followed a questionnaire created to categorize verbalizations at the three SA levels. Verbalizations were analyzed with the “digital humanities” approach that allowed the integrated modeling of SA using Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) theory. The research was performed in an industrial plant that carried out a polymer injection process, which was classified as a physical arrangement for the continuous manufacture of products. In this process, production was conducted in three continuous shifts with one operator per shift. As a result, the BBN modeling showed the dynamic relationships among the core variables monitored, and also demonstrated the complementarity between SA and DSA. In this sense, BBN was used as a communication protocol between shifts and served as a mechanism that influences the operator’s cognitive load. The developed algorithm showed an excellent performance, because it represents the conditional probability between the variables according to the operators' indications regarding the criticality and level of monitoring of the process. The modeling allowed representing the operators’ complete SA, thus promoting DSA.

Using Bayesian belief networks to improve distributed situation awareness in shift changeovers: A case study

Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA), in terms of structure and knowledge content, distribution, sharing and usage, has important implications for command and control infrastructure design, network configuration, performance and efficiency. Despite this, theory and methods for evaluating DSA in complex sociotechnical systems are currently lacking. This article presents a novel methodology for assessing DSA, along with a case study of DSA in the energy distribution domain. The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) methodology was used to analyse three scenarios undertaken on a major UK electricity distribution network. In conclusion, an analysis of propositional knowledge networks indicated that DSA effectively ‘coupled’ the command and control networks observed. DSA comprised ‘activated’ knowledge objects that were held by, and shared between, the agents involved. Further, analysis of knowledge usage indicated that each agent involved possessed disparate but complementary levels of situation awarene...

Distributed Situation Awareness in Command and Control: A Case Study in the Energy Distribution Domain

This paper reports on the development of a command and control environment that enables experimental studies to be conducted into Network Enabled Capability (NEC). The command and control environment comprises a reconfigurable Command Wall, and wireless local area network and eight reconfigurable wearable computers. A pilot study was undertaken to test the system and investigate the differences between a paper-map-andradio and a NEC version of the same. No performance differences were found in a reconnaissance task, It was hypothesised that performance gains would be found for the NEC system when multiple reconnaissance agents compared to the paper-map-and-radio version of the system. Future directions for the research were indicated

A reconfigurable C4 testbed for experimental studies into network enabled capability

Emergency Response Interview

EAST in Energy Distribution Operations

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Richard McMaster

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Distributed Situation Awareness in Command and Control: A Case Study in the Energy Distribution Domain

A reconfigurable C4 testbed for experimental studies into network enabled capability

Emergency Response Interview

EAST in Energy Distribution Operations