The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona

Morphometric and DNA investigation results of Sarcocystis wobeseri sp. nov. from the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) and Sarcocystis sp. (cyst type IV) from the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) are presented. No significant morphometric differences between the investigated Sarcocystis species were found. ITS-1, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA gene sequences of these species showed 100% identity. The conclusion is drawn that it is one and the same Sarcocystis species in different intermediate hosts.

The mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) as intermediate host for Sarcocystis wobeseri sp. nov. from the barnacle goose ( Branta leucopsis )

Comparative evaluation of probiotic and salinomycin effects on performance and coccidiosis control in broiler chickens

The breast and leg muscles of a common eider (Somateria mollissima; Anatidae: Anseriformes) from northern Norway contained numerous grossly visible cigar-shaped sarcocysts measuring about 5 × 1 mm. Light microscopic examination of isolated sarcocysts revealed that they were encapsulated by a thin fibrous layer, underneath which there was a thin and fairly smooth cyst wall with no visible protrusions. The cystozoites were straight, spindle-shaped and about 13 μm long. Genomic DNA was extracted from 12 excised sarcocysts and each DNA isolate was subjected to PCR amplification of one to four loci: the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes (four isolates), the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region (six isolates) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) (12 isolates). At the three nuclear loci, the new sequences showed 99.9–100 % sequence identity with previous sequences of Sarcocystis rileyi from the mallard duck in Lithuania and USA, and they could therefore be assigned to this species. At cox1, the new sequences of S. rileyi were most similar to Sarcocystis arctica and Sarcocystis neurona, but the most closely related Sarcocystis spp. in birds have not been sequenced at this locus. There was no sequence variation at any locus between the 4–12 examined isolates of S. rileyi. This is the first genetically verified record of S. rileyi in the common eider, as well as in any bird species in Norway. The phylogenetic placement of S. rileyi was inferred separately from 28S rRNA gene and cox1 sequences, and similar results were obtained in both analyses.

Molecular characterisation of Sarcocystis rileyi from a common eider ( Somateria mollissima ) in Norway

The representatives of the genus Sarcocystis are cyst forming coccidian protozoa parasites broadly prevalent in mammals, birds and reptiles. Sarcocystis parasites are characterized by an obligatory prey-predator two-host life cycle. Currently, over 220 Sarcocystis species are known. Some of Sarcocystis species are pathogenic organisms dangerous to humans, domestic and wild animals. A harmful effect of Sarcocystis mainly occurs in intermediate hosts and depends on the species of parasite, infection intensity and localization in the body. In Lithuania, Sarcocystis species forming sarcocysts in rodents, even-toed ungulates and birds were mainly studied. The ecology and diversity of Sarcocystis parasites were investigated using traditional morphological, DNA analysis methods and transmission experiments. Lithuanian scientists have described and named five Sarcocystis species, i. e. S. rodentifelis, S. wobeseri, S. cornixi, S. anasi, S. albifronsi; for the first time proved Sarcocystis rileyi infection in Europe; established definitive hosts of some Sarcocystis species.

/pdf/protozoan-parasites-from-genus-sarcocystis-and-their-4dtpq9nmuv.pdf

Protozoan parasites from genus Sarcocystis and their investigations in Lithuania

Muscle containing macroscopic cysts of Sarcocystis sp. from naturally infected wild shoveler (Anas clypeata) ducks was fed to two captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). The skunks passed sporocysts in their feces beginning 19 and 22 days post-infection, and continued to pass small numbers of sporocysts sporadically to 63 and 51 days post-infection, respectively. Sporocysts from the skunks were administered orally to four laboratory-reared shovelers. No cysts were found in ducks examined 56 and 84 days post-infection. One duck examined at 85 days post-infection had many microscopic cysts in its skeletal muscle. The remaining duck had numerous small macroscopic cysts in muscle at 154 days post-infection. A skunk fed muscle from this duck began to pass sporocysts on day 18 post-infection. All cysts in muscle (natural and experimental infection) had irregular cauliflower-like projections of the primary cyst wall.

EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF Sarcocystis sp. (PROTOZOA: SARCOCYSTIDAE) BETWEEN THE SHOVELER (Anas clypeata) DUCK AND THE STRIPED SKUNK (Mephitis mephitis)

The life cycle of Caryospora bubonis was studied in the Great Horned Owl. Owls fed sporulated oocysts became patent on days 8–13, and peak oocyst production occurred between days 14 and 18. Owls fed infected mice became patent on days 8–10, and peak oocyst production occurred between days 9 and 13. The reduction in length of the life cycle in owls fed infected mice provides evidence that both indirect and direct life cycles can occur in this species and suggests that parallels exist in the lives of various isosporid, eimeriid, and other coccidia that may not have been sufficiently appreciated in the past.

The coccidian Caryospora bubonis in the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

. Zygote development and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata occurred in epithelial cells in renal tubules and ducts of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens). Post-fertilization stages were present throughout the kidneys beginning nine days post-inoculation. Initially, a single plasmalemma enclosed the zygote, and type 1 wall-forming bodies (WF1) became labyrinthine and moved toward the surface. There, WF1 degranulated and formed the outer layer of the oocyst wall between the plasmalemma and a newly formed second subpellicular membrane. Several WF2 fused and formed the inner layer, of the oocyst wall between the third and fourth subpellicular membranes. Six subpellicular membranes were observed during wall formation. Other features of oocyst development were similar to those of other eimerian species.

Ultrastructural studies of the zygote and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose.

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EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF Sarcocystis sp. (PROTOZOA: SARCOCYSTIDAE) BETWEEN THE SHOVELER (Anas clypeata) DUCK AND THE STRIPED SKUNK (Mephitis mephitis)

The coccidian Caryospora bubonis in the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

Ultrastructural studies of the zygote and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose.