Vast gaps in available information on the spatial distribution of biodiversity pose a major challenge for regional conservation planning in many parts of the world. This problem is often ad- dressed bybasing suchplanning on variousbiodiversity surrogates. In some situations, distributional datafor selectedtaxamaybeusedassurrogatesforbiodiversityasawhole.However, thisapproach is less effective in data-poor regions, where there may be little choice but to base conservation planning on someform ofremoteenvironmentalmapping,derived, forexample,frominterpretationof satellite imagery or from numerical classiecation of abiotic environmental layers. Although this alternative approach confers obvious beneets in terms of cost-effectiveness and rapidity of application, problems may arise if congruence is poor between mapped land-classes and actual biological distributions. I propose three strategies for making more effective use of available biological data and knowledge to alleviatesuchproblemsby(1)morecloselyintegratingbiologicalandenvironmentaldatathroughpre- dictive modeling, with increased emphasis on modeling collective properties of biodiversity rather than individual entities; (2) making more rigorous use of remotely mapped surrogates in conser- vation planning by incorporating knowledge of heterogeneity within land-classes, and of varying levels of distinctiveness between classes, into measures of conservation priority and achievement; and (3) using relatively data-rich regions as test-beds for evaluating the performance of surrogates that can be readily applied across data-poor regions. (Biodiversity; regional conservation planning; surrogates.)

Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: Where to from here?

https://www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/biblio/fulltext/Biological_Conservation_2008_Polasky.pdf

Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns

Marxan is the most widely used conservation planning software in the world and is designed for solving complex conservation planning problems in landscapes and seascapes. In this paper we describe a substantial extension of Marxan called Marxan with Zones, a decision support tool that provides land-use zoning options in geographical regions for biodiversity conservation. We describe new functions designed to enhance the original Marxan software and expand on its utility as a decision support tool. The major new element in the decision problem is allowing any parcel of land or sea to be allocated to a specific zone, not just reserved or unreserved. Each zone then has the option of its own actions, objectives and constraints, with the flexibility to define the contribution of each zone to achieve targets for pre-specified features (e.g. species or habitats). The objective is to minimize the total cost of implementing the zoning plan while ensuring a variety of conservation and land-use objectives are achieved. We outline the capabilities, limitations and additional data requirements of this new software and perform a comparison with the original version of Marxan. We feature a number of case studies to demonstrate the functionality of the software and highlight its flexibility to address a range of complex spatial planning problems. These studies demonstrate the design of multiple-use marine parks in both Western Australia and California, and the zoning of forest use in East Kalimantan.

http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/Pickup/marxan_w_zones.pdf

Short communication: Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning

Sophisticated computational methods have been developed to help us to identify sets of nature reserves that maximize the representation of regional diversity, but, until recently, the methods have not dealt explicitly and directly with the main goal of reserve networks, that of the long-term maintenance of biodiversity. Furthermore, the successful application of current methods requires reliable information about species distributions, which is not always available. Recent results show that data quality, as well as the choice of surrogates for biodiversity, could be critical for successful reserve design. Because of these problems and a lack of communication between scientists and managers, the impact of computational site-selection tools in applied conservation planning has been minimal.

Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity.

▪ Abstract Species extinctions and the deterioration of other biodiversity features worldwide have led to the adoption of systematic conservation planning in many regions of the world. As a consequence, various software tools for conservation planning have been developed over the past twenty years. These tools implement algorithms designed to identify conservation area networks for the representation and persistence of biodiversity features. Budgetary, ethical, and other sociopolitical constraints dictate that the prioritized sites represent biodiversity with minimum impact on human interests. Planning tools are typically also used to satisfy these criteria. This chapter reviews both the concepts and technical choices that underlie the development of these tools. Conservation planning problems can be formulated as optimization problems, and we evaluate the suitability of different algorithms for their solution. Finally, we also review some key issues associated with the use of these tools, such as computa...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.energy.31.042606.085844

Biodiversity Conservation Planning Tools: Present Status and Challenges for the Future

A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon

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A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon