抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior.

It is often claimed that we do not understand the forces driving the global diversity gradient. However, an extensive literature suggests that contemporary climate constrains terrestrial taxonomic richness over broad geographic extents. Here, we review the empirical literature to examine the nature and form of the relationship between climate and richness. Our goals were to document the support for the climatically based energy hypothesis, and within the constraints imposed by correlative analyses, to evaluate two versions of the hypothesis: the productivity and ambient energy hypotheses. Focusing on studies extending over 800 km, we found that measures of energy, water, or water-energy balance explain spatial variation in richness better than other climatic and non-climatic variables in 82 of 85 cases. Even when considered individually and in isolation, water/ energy variables explain on average over 60% of the variation in the richness of a wide range of plant and animal groups. Further, water variables usually represent the strongest predictors in the tropics, subtropics, and warm temperate zones, whereas energy variables (for animals) or water-energy variables (for plants) dominate in high latitudes. We conclude that the interaction between water and energy, either directly or indirectly (via plant productivity), provides a strong explanation for globally extensive plant and animal diversity gradients, but for animals there also is a latitudinal shift in the relative importance of ambient energy vs. water moving from the poles to the equator. Although contemporary climate is not the only factor influencing species richness and may not explain the diversity pattern for all taxonomic groups, it is clear that understanding water-energy dynamics is critical to future biodiversity research. Analyses that do not include water-energy variables are missing a key component for explaining broad-scale patterns of diversity.

/pdf/energy-water-and-broad-scale-geographic-patterns-of-species-4muvqfsaj0.pdf

Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness

The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 85

Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecoidea

The orientation of striated wear facets on primate teeth serves as a useful guide for reconstructing jaw movements during mastication. Most wear facets on the molars are formed during one of the two well-documented movements, Phase I or Phase II, of the power stroke. Another jaw movement direction, “orthal retraction” (OR) has been proposed to account for a third set of facets occasionally present on the pointed tips of premolars and molars. Evidence advanced here indicates that OR facets on pointed anterior premolars (P3) of cercopithecoids are actually Phase I facets that have become reoriented as a result of a rotation of this tooth during its eruption. “Orthal retraction” probably does not exist as a discrete masticatory phase.

The ontogeny of premolar dental wear in Cercocebus albigena (cercopithecidae)

Parvimico materdei gen. et sp. nov.: A new platyrrhine from the Early Miocene of the Amazon Basin, Peru

In PNAS, Chaimanee et al. (1) report a previously undescribed species of primate, Afrasia, from the late Middle Eocene of Burma. They identify Afrasia as the sister taxon to the African genus Afrotarsius but slightly more primitive than it and allied with stem Anthropoidea of south Asia. Anthropoidea is the taxonomic group that today includes New and Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. If upheld, the biogeographic significance of these results is profound: If Afrasia and Afrotarsius are as closely related as Chaimanee et al. (1) propose, there must have been a late Middle Eocene geographic connection between the primate faunas of Asia and Africa. Further support for intercontinental connections between south Asia and Africa is found among other contemporaneous mammalian groups, including anomaluroid and hystricognathous rodents (2). More provocatively, Chaimanee et al. (1) consider the south Asian late Middle Eocene family Amphipithecidae to be a stem catarrhine clade and suggest that Catarrhini (the group of Old World anthropoids) also originated in south Asia and dispersed to Africa.

/pdf/evidence-for-an-asian-origin-of-stem-anthropoids-3qyc55ced9.pdf

Evidence for an Asian origin of stem anthropoids

From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off; and these lost branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been found in a fossil state. . .. As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications. (p 129,130 in Darwin 1859).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.23429

100 years of primate paleontology.

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