Method of fabricating a semiconductor device. A glass substrate such as Corning 7059 is used as a substrate. A bottom film is formed. Then, the substrate is annealed above the strain point of the glass substrate. The substrate is then slowly cooled below the strain point. Thereafter, a silicon film is formed, and a TFT is formed. The aforementioned anneal and slow cooling reduce shrinkage of the substrate created in later thermal treatment steps. This makes it easy to perform mask alignments. Furthermore, defects due to misalignment of masks are reduced, and the production yield is enhanced. In another method, a glass substrate made of Corning 7059 is also used as a substrate. The substrate is annealed above the strain point. Then, the substrate is rapidly cooled below the strain point. Thereafter, a bottom film is formed, and a TFT is fabricated. The aforementioned anneal and slow cooling reduce shrinkage of the substrate created in later thermal treatment steps. Thus, less cracks are created in the active layer of the TFT and in the bottom film. This improves the production yield. During heating of the substrate, it is held substantially horizontal to reduce warpage, distortions, and waviness of the substrate.

Method of fabricating semiconductor device and method of processing substrate

A solar-powered power generation system and an associated method are provided. The system includes at least one trough solar absorption device for heating a heat transfer fluid to a first temperature, and at least one tower solar absorption device for further heating the transfer fluid to a second temperature. Thus, the generation system can efficiently heat the transfer fluid to high temperatures. Subsequently, the heated fluid can be used, e.g., to generate steam and/or electricity.

Solar power system and method for power generation

A photovoltaic module is disclosed in the form of a shingle having an active portion containing photovoltaic cells and an inactive mounting portion. Flat flexible ribbon-like positive and negative leads extend from the terminals in the active portion. The individual modules are mounted on a surface by means of fasteners extending through the inactive portions of the modules. At the time of installation, the flexible leads are folded to provide a servicing loop and the ends of the leads are then connected into the electrical network of the system. Individual modules can be removed from the system by moving the modules in their own planes away from the array of modules with accompanying straightening of the loops so that modules can be replaced. Improved circuit arrangements for connecting modules in an array and improved installation methods are disclosed which take advantage of the flat flexible conductors extending from the modules.

Photovoltaic power generation

A Cassegrain-type concentrating solar collector cell includes primary and secondary mirrors disposed on opposing convex and concave surfaces of a light-transparent (e.g., glass) optical element. Light enters an aperture surrounding the secondary mirror, and is reflected by the primary mirror toward the secondary mirror, which re-reflects the light onto a photovoltaic cell mounted on a central region surrounded by the convex surface. The primary and secondary mirrors are preferably formed as mirror films that are deposited or plated directly onto the optical element. A concentrating solar collector array includes a sheet-like optical panel including multiple optical elements arranged in rows. The photovoltaic cells are mounted directly onto the optical panel, and the primary mirrors of the individual collector cells include metal film segments that are coupled by the photovoltaic cells to facilitate transmission of the generated electrical energy. Bypass diodes are connected in parallel with the photovoltaic cells.

Concentrating solar collector with solid optical element

An apparatus and method for collecting solar energy are provided. The apparatus is a trough-type solar collector having one or more mirrors and lenses for directing solar radiation toward a receiver configured to receive a heat transfer fluid therein. The amount of solar radiation directed toward the receiver can be controlled by adjusting one or more of the mirrors and/or lenses or by adjusting a shade. Thus, the collector can direct different amounts or solar radiation toward the receiver, thereby selectively heating the receiver at different rates, e.g., to preheat the receiver, to heat fluid in the receiver for power generation, or to thaw solidified fluid in the receiver. Subsequently, the heated fluid can be used to generate steam and/or electricity.

Solar collector and method

The process comprises the following steps: (1) forming a glass sheet which defines a substrate layer for the solar cell product; (2) forming a diffusion barrier layer on at least one surface of the substrate; (3) forming a first electrically-conductive layer on the diffusion barrier, the first electrically-conductive layer being a first electrode in the solar cell product; (4) depositing small-grain polycrystalline silicon in a thin film, i.e., 10-100 micrometers, on the first electrode layer; (5) recrystallizing, typically by heating, the deposited polycrystalline silicon until it reforms into large-grain polycrystalline or single-crystal silicon; (6) forming a PN junction in the recrystallized silicon layer; and (7) forming a second electrically-conductive layer on the recrystallized silicon layer, the second electrically-conductive layer being a second electrode in the solar cell product. The solar cell product produced by the above-process may be fabricated in large surface area configurations, suitable for terrestrial as well as extra-terrestrial use, at relatively low cost.

Continuous process for fabricating solar cells and the product produced thereby

The process includes the steps of (1) forming a pattern of indentations and adjacent boundary ridges in a base layer of glass which is heated to a temperature where it is formable but not flowing, (2) depositing electrically conducting first connecting elements on the upper surface of the base glass layer, with each first connecting element extending from an indentation to a point on an adjacent ridge, (3) positioning a solar cell into each indentation in the base glass layer in such a manner that the lower surface of the solar cell comes in electrical contact with one end of a first connecting element, (4) depositing electrically conducting second connecting elements which extend between the end of the first connecting elements on a ridge to the top surface of a solar cell in an adjacent indentation, and (5) forming a top glass layer which is in intimate contact with the product of steps 1-4. The product produced thereby is an array of glass-encapsulated solar cells which are electrically connected together by means of the first and second connecting elements but are otherwise physically isolated from each other by the glass-encapsulation.

Process for fabricating glass-encapsulated solar cell arrays and the product produced thereby

The process comprises the following steps: (1) forming a glass sheet 34 which defines a substrate layer for the solar cell; (2) forming a diffusion barrier layer 36 on at least one surface of the substrate; (3) forming a first electrically-conductive layer 40 on the diffusion barrier, the first electrically conductive layer being a first electrode in the solar cell; (4) depositing small-grain polycrystalline silicon in a thin film 44, i.e. 10-100 micrometers, on the first electrode layer; (5) recrystallizing the deposited polycrystalline silicon until it reforms into large-grain polycrystalline or single-crystal silicon; (6) forming a PN junction 63 in the recrystallized silicon layer; and (7) forming a second electrically-conductive layer 62 on the recrystallized silicon layer, the second electrically-conductive layer being a second electrode in the solar cell. The solar cell produced by this process may be fabricated in large surface area configurations.

Continuous Process for Fabricating Solar Cells

Solar cells are produced by forming a substrate, providing a first electrode on one surface of the substrate, depositing a layer of small grain semiconductor material, doped N or P, on the electrode and recrystallising the semiconductor material to increase its grain size to the point where the layer may be used as an active element in a solar cell, while simultaneously removing electrically conducting impurities from the material. The upper portion of the resulting layer is doped to form a PN junction in the layer and a second electrode is formed over the layer, in contact with the upper portion of the layer. Economical mfr. of large area silicon solar cells is provided. Use of a deposition process, rather than a slice and polish process, allows continuous production of large area configuration solar cells.

Continuous production of solar cells - by depositing small grain semiconductor material and recrystallisation

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Continuous process for fabricating solar cells and the product produced thereby

Process for fabricating glass-encapsulated solar cell arrays and the product produced thereby

Continuous Process for Fabricating Solar Cells

Continuous production of solar cells - by depositing small grain semiconductor material and recrystallisation